Organochlorine Compounds in Needles of Coniferous Trees

Prikazani su podaci o upotrebi polikloriranih bifenila (PCB) i organoklorovih pesticida (OCP) i zatim su opisani izvori PCB-a i OCP-a u okolišu. Ovi su spojevi vrlo dugo primjenjivani pa se zbog njihove rasprostranjenosti u cijelome okolišu i štetnih učinaka na ljude zadnjih nekoliko desetljeća provode intenzivna istraživanja. To su lipofilni spojevi, postojani u okolišu te vrlo dugo perzistiraju u tlu, vodi, sedimentu ili bioti. Opisane su njihove raspodjele i razine u pojedinim dijelovima okoliša. Posebno je naglašena uloga crnogoričnog drveća kao pokazatelja prosječnog onečišćenja zraka na određenoj lokaciji. Zatim su opisani analitički postupci koji se rabe za analizu PCB-a i OCP-a u bilju, kao i odgovarajuće instrumentalne tehnike. Na kraju prikaza navedeni su neki toksični učinci na zdravlje ljudi.Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are stable lipophilic compounds which persist in soil, water, sediments or biota for a very long time. As they can be transported by air over long distances, they were found in environmental samples in locations where they were not used. This environmental ubiquity and toxic effects, puts PCB and OCPs in the focus of scientific investigation. This review summarises physical and chemical properties of OCPs and PCBs, their use and distribution in the biosphere, and their effects on human health. Vegetation, particularly coniferous trees, are often used in biomonitoring of these compounds. Because of the widespread distribution of the pine trees, pollution monitoring is possible on local, regional and global scale, and this article compares monitoring results from Croatia and other countries. Despite the ban or restricted use of PCBs and OCPs, they are still present in the environment. Their levels in pine needles are relatively low (ng/g dry weight), except when there is a recent input of these pollutants occurs which increases their levels. This review suggests that pine needles are suitable for PCB and OCP monitoring and briefly describes analytical procedures involved, pointing out some methodological problems encountered in the process

Sezonske varijacije polikloriranih bifenila u zraku grada Zagreba

Levels of polychlorinated byphenils (PCBs) were monitored continuously in Zagreb between June 1999 and February 2000 and analysed qualitatively and quantitatively using high resolution gas chromatography (HRGC). Total PCBs were determined with respect to Aroclor 1260, which was used as the standard reference. The concentrations of PCBs ranged from 1.6 to 136 pg/m3 and were higher in warmer seasons (temperatures above 10 oC; 5.1-136 pg/m3) than in colder seasons (temperatures from -10 oC to about 10 oC; PCB range: 1.6-23.5 pg/m3). The increase in PCBs concentration with temperature followed an exponential curve.Kontinuirano su praćene razine polikloriranih bifenila (PCB) u zraku skupljenom u sjevernome dijelu Zagreba tijekom devetomjesečnog razdoblja (lipanj 1999. - veljača 2000.). Kvalitativna i kvantitativna analiza provedena je plinskom kromatografijom visokog razlučivanja. Određivani su ukupni PCB-i prema smjesi Aroclor 1260. Koncentracije PCB-a bile su u rasponu 1,6 - 136 pg/m3. U razdoblju s višim temperaturama (iznad 10 oC) izmjerene su više koncentracije PCB-a (raspon: 25,1 pg/m3 - 136 pg/m3) nego u razdoblju s nižim temperaturama kada je raspon temperatura bio od -10 oC do +10 oC (raspon: 1,6 pg/m3 - 23,5 pg/m3). Porast razina ukupnih PCB-a s temperaturom zraka nije linearan, nego slijedi eksponencijalnu krivulju. Razine ukupnih PCB-a u uzorcima zraka skupljenim u Zagrebu unutar su raspona razina izmjerenih u uzorcima zraka iz drugih europskih zemalja

Analiza polikloriranih dibenzo-p-dioksina i polikloriranih dibenzofurana u tlu i sedimentu

This review presents methods for the analysis of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), called dioxins, in soil and sediment. These compounds are produced as by-products of different combustion processes, and because of their persistency and toxicity they present a threat for animal and human health. Due to their high organic matter content, soil and sediment can accumulate dioxins and have become important secondary emission sources. Determining dioxins in these samples is complex because dioxins are present in trace levels and have to be separated from interferences whereas other classes of organic contaminants are present in higher concentrations. After sampling, follows extraction of compounds with a suitable solvent, extract clean-up from unwanted compounds, and qualitative and quantitative analysis. At the end of this review, we gave levels of PCDD/PCDFs found in soil and sediment samples.U ovom je radu prikazan pregled postupaka analize polikloriranih dibenzo-p-dioksina (PCDD) i polikloriranih dibenzofurana (PCDF), koji se skraćeno nazivaju dioksini, u tlu i sedimentu. Navedeni spojevi nastaju kao nusprodukti u raznim procesima spaljivanja, a zbog svoje postojanosti i toksičnosti opasni su za zdravlje ljudi i životinja. Tlo i sediment zbog visokog sadržaja organske tvari mogu akumulirati dioksine te na taj način postaju važni sekundarni izvori njihove emisije. Analitički postupak određivanja dioksina u takvim je uzorcima složen jer se analit, prisutan u tragovima, mora odvojiti od interferencija, ali i drugih klasa organskih onečišćivala, prisutnih u puno višim koncentracijama. Nakon skupljanja uzorka slijedi ekstrakcija spojeva odgovarajućim otapalom, pročišćavanje ekstrakta od neželjenih spojeva te kvalitativna i kvantitativna analiza. Na kraju ovoga preglednog rada dane su razine PCDD-a i PCDF-a nađene u uzorcima tla i sedimenta

Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Pine Needles

U ovom je radu prikazan pregled postupaka analize poliklorbifenila (PCB) i organoklorovih pesticida (OCP) u borovim iglicama. Navedeni spojevi su lipofilni, postojani u okolišnim uvjetima i akumuliraju se u živom i neživom dijelu okoliša, a zbog štetnih učinaka na zdravlje ljudi i životinja njihova je upotreba zabranjena ili ograničena te su postali predmetom intenzivnog istraživanja. Borove iglice su pogodno sredstvo za praćenje razina organoklorovih spojeva u zraku jer imaju sposobnost njihova akumuliranja preko voska kojim su prekrivene, no zbog mnogih drugih spojeva koje sadržavaju složen su medij za analizu. Analitički postupci odre|ivanja organoklorovih spojeva u borovim iglicama uključuju skupljanje uzorka, ekstrakciju spojeva pogodnim otapalom, pročišćavanje ekstrakta od neželjenih spojeva te kvalitativnu i kvantitativnu analizu. PCB i OCP se u borovim iglicama nalaze u tragovima, stoga svaki dio analitičkog postupka mora biti što djelotvorniji i selektivniji.This paper presents a review of methods for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in pine needles. These compounds are lipophilic, they accumulate in the biotic and abiotic part of the environment in which they are persistent, and their use is forbidden or restricted due to harmful effects on human and animal health. Pine needles are convenient for monitoring the levels of organochlorine compounds in the air because they accumulate them in wax with which they are covered. However, the presence of many other compounds makes them complex for analysis. Analytical methods for determining organochlorine compounds in pine needles include sample collection, extraction of compounds with a suitable solvent, extract clean-up from unwanted compounds and qualitative and quantitative analysis. PCBs and OCPs are present in pine needles in traces, and every part of the analytical procedure has to be as efficient and selective as possible

Jesu li borove iglice bioindikatori onečišćenja zraka? Usporedba razina organoklorovih spojeva u borovim iglicama i zraku

Levels of six PCB congeners and seven organochlorine pesticides were investigated and compared in ambient air and in pine needle samples. The applied methods are suitable for the analysis of PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in environmental samples and for their detection in recent intakes. DDE, HCB, lindane, PCB-28, PCB-52, PCB-101, PCB-138 and PCB-153 were found in all pine needle and air samples. The highest median values were found for PCB-28, PCB-101 and γ-HCH, and the lowest for PCB-180 and DDD. The median value of α-HCH/ γ-HCH ratios was 0.2 in both matrices. DDE/DDT ratios were close to or below 1 in some pine needle and ambient air samples. The results showed a correspondence between air and pine needle pollution; the same compounds were present in the highest or in the lowest levels in both types of matrices. These results suggest that pine needles are passive biomonitors of air pollution.Ispitane su i uspore|ene razine šest indikatorskih kongenera PCB-a i sedam organoklorovih pesticida u uzorcima zraka i borovih iglica. Primijenjene metode prikladne su za analizu PCB-a i organoklorovih pesticida u uzorcima iz okoliša te za određivanje njihova unosa u okoliš. DDE, HCB, lindan, PCB-28, PCB- 52, PCB-101, PCB-138 i PCB-153 na|eni su u svim uzorcima zraka i borovih iglica. PCB-28, PCB-101 i γ-HCH prisutni su u najvišoj, a PCB-180 i DDD u najnižoj razini. U obje matrice omjer α-HCH/γ-HCH je 0.2. Omjer DDE/DDT jednak je ili manji od jedinice u nekim uzorcima zraka i borovih iglica. Iz prikazanih rezultata vidljivo je da je onečišćenje zraka i borovih iglica slično, tj. da su isti spojevi prisutni u najvišim odnosno najnižim razinama u obje matrice. Rezultati upućuju na to da su vrste i razine organoklorovih spojeva u borovim iglicama dobar pokazatelj prosječnog profila onečišćenja zraka

Klorirani spojevi u mišićnom tkivu riba iz istočnog Jadranskog mora: preliminarni podaci o zagađenosti i zdravstvenim rizicima

Levels of 17 polychlorinated biphenyl congeners (PCBs) and seven organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in the muscle tissue of 18 commercially important fish species from the eastern Adriatic Sea. PCBs [˂LOD-8,866 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw)] accounted for over 66 % of all analysed compounds. Their pattern was dominated by PCB-138 and PCB-153. DDE (14.2-649 ng g-1 lw) was the prevalent DDT isomer in all samples, suggesting no recent DDT input. β-, γ- and α-HCH and HCB were found in less than 50 % of samples. The analysed organic contaminants did not seem to bioaccumulate up the food web (trophic levels 3.0 to 4.5). Our findings show no risk of chronic (non-cancerous) effects on human health.Maseni udjeli 17 poliklorbifenila (PCB) i 7 organoklorovih pesticida (OCP) izmjereni su u mišićnom tkivu 18 komercijalno važnih ribljih vrsta iz istočnog Jadranskog mora. Maseni udjeli PCB-a (˂LOD do 8.866 ng g-1 masti) činili su više od 66 % svih analiziranih spojeva. U njihovu profilu PCB-138 i PCB-153 dominantni su kongeneri. DDE (14,2-649 ng g-1 masti), glavni izomer DDT-a, jedini je detektiran u svim uzorcima. U manje od 50 % analiziranih uzoraka nađeni su β-, γ- i α-HCH te HCB. U rasponu trofičkih razina analiziranih vrsta (3,0-4,5) nije bilo bioakumulacije organskih zagađivala u hranidbenom lancu. Rezultati procjene rizika za ljudsko zdravlje pokazali su da nema rizika od kroničnih (nekancerogenih) utjecaja na ljudsko zdravlje

Razine organoklorovih spojeva u tkivima kratkokljunog običnog dupina, Delphinus delphis, iz sjevernog Jadranskog mora

We analyzed 17 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 7 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in blubber, liver, muscle, lung, heart and kidney of an adult male short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) found dead stranded on the island of Cres (Croatia) in 2004. The PCB profile was dominated by hexachlorobiphenyls (39.4 – 63.2% of ΣPCB), with PCB-153 exhibiting the highest concentrations across all tissues. The pattern of PCB tissue distribution (ÓPCB) showed the highest burdens in blubber > liver > kidney > heart > muscle > lung, which were positively correlated with tissue lipid content (rs = 0.986, p blubber > liver > kidney > lung > heart, with no correlation to tissue lipid content (p > 0.05). Total DDTs were lower than total PCB levels for all tissues, with ΣPCB/ΣDDTs ratios ranging from 1.3 in blubber to 5.9 in muscles. Blubber OC burdens recorded in our specimen were among the highest found in a dolphin in the Mediterranean after the year 2000. This result and the presence of mono-ortho substituted PCBs with dioxin-like toxicity in all our samples may present an additional factor of concern for the conservation of regional dolphin populations.Analizirali smo 17 poliklorbifenila (PCB) i sedam organoklorovih pesticida (OCP) u potkožnom masnom tkivu, jetri, mišiću, plućima, srcu i bubregu odraslog mužjaka kratkokljunog običnog dupina (Delphinus delphis) koj je nađen nasukan na otoku Cresu (Hrvatska) 2004. godine. PCB profilom dominirali su heksaklorobifenili (39.4 – 63.2% ΣPCB), s PCB-153 utvrđenim s najvišim koncentracijama u svim tkivima. Raspodjela PCB-a u tkivima slijedi redoslijed: potkožno masno tkivo > jetra > bubreg > srce > mišić > pluća te pozitivno korelira sa sadržajem masti u pojedinom tkivu (rs = 0.986, p potkožno masno tkivo > jetra > bubreg > pluća > srce te ne pokazuje korelaciju sa sadržajem masti (p > 0.05). U svim su tkivima razine ukupnih DDT-a bile niže od razina ukupnih PCB-a, a omjeri ΣPCB/ΣDDTs u rasponu su od 1.3 u potkožnom masnom tkivu do 5.9 u mišiću. Razine organoklorovih spojeva u analiziranom uzorku potkožnog masnog tkiva među najvišim su nađenim razinama u dupinima u Sredozemnom moru nakon 2000. godine. Taj podatak te prisutnost mono-ortho supstituiranih PCB-a koji pokazuju toksičnost sličnu dioksinima u svim našim uzorcima mogu predstavljati dodatan razlog ugroženosti regionalne populacije dupina

Supplementary data for the article: Herceg Romanić, S.; Jovanović, G.; Mustać, B.; Stojanović-Đinović, J.; Stojić, A.; Čadež, T.; Popović, A. Fatty Acids, Persistent Organic Pollutants, and Trace Elements in Small Pelagic Fish from the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin 2021, 170, 112654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112654.

Supplementary material for: [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112654]Related to publisshed version: [https://cherry.chem.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/4593