Особливості правової моделі ханафітського мазгабу

Статья Исмагилова С.В. «Особенности правовой модели ханафитского мазхаба» исследует возникновение и развитие ханафитского мазхаба – правовой школы имама Абу Ханифы. В работе автор исследует источники фикха, феномен возникновения мазхабов и особенности правовой модели ханафитского мазхаба. В статье подчеркивается, что мазхаб ханафитов явился результатом научно-правовой деятельносты не только самого Абу Ханифы, но также и его учеников. Ключевые слова: ханафитский мазхаб, мусульманское право, иджтихад.The article by Ismagilov S.V. "Features of the jural model of the Hanafi school of thought" investigates the origin and development of the Hanafi school of thought - the juridical school of Imam Abu Hanifa. In this paper, the author analyses the sources of fiqh, the phenomenon of emergence of schools of thought and peculiarities of the juridical model of the Hanafi school of thought. The paper stresses that Madh'hab Hanafi is a product of scientific and jural activities not only of Abu Hanifa, but his disciples also. Key-words: juridical school of Abu Hanifa, Moslem jury, idgtikhad

Гоголевские традиции в творчестве М. Булгакова

Model studies suggest that semiarid ecosystems with patterned vegetation can respond in a nonlinear way to climate change. This means that gradual changes can result in a rapid transition to a desertified state. Previous model studies focused on the response of patterned semiarid ecosystems to changes in mean annual rainfall. The intensity of rain events, however, is projected to change as well in the coming decades. In this paper, we study the effect of changes in rainfall intensity on the functioning of patterned semiarid ecosystems with a spatially explicit model that captures rainwater partitioning and runoff-runon processes with simple event-based process descriptions. Analytical and numerical analyses of the model revealed that rainfall intensity is a key parameter in explaining patterning of vegetation in semiarid ecosystems as low mean rainfall intensities do not allow for vegetation patterning to occur. Surprisingly, we found that, for a constant annual rainfall rate, both an increase and a decrease in mean rainfall intensity can trigger desertification. An increase negatively affects productivity as a greater fraction of the rainwater is lost as runoff. This can result in a shift to a bare desert state only if the mean rainfall intensity exceeds the infiltration capacity of bare soil. On the other hand, a decrease in mean rainfall intensity leads to an increased fraction of rainwater infiltrating in bare soils, remaining unavailable to plants. Our findings suggest that considering rainfall intensity as a variable may help in assessing the proximity to regime shifts in patterned semiarid ecosystems and that monitoring losses of resource through runoff and bare soil infiltration could be used to determine ecosystem resilience. Key Points Rainfall intensity controls patterning and the resilience of arid ecosystems Both an increase and decrease in rainfall intensity can trigger desertification In line with observations, three types of rain events were identified in our mode

Закономерности изменения коэффициента динамичности в линии привода прокатной клети в процессе её работы

Показано, что процессе работы клети коэффициент динамичности на шпиндельном и моторном участках периодически существенно изменяется за счет износа сочленяемых элементов и развития зазоров. Установленные закономерности позволяют прогнозировать максимальные динамические нагрузки в линии привода

Striped pattern selection by advective reaction-diffusion systems: resilience of banded vegetation on slopes

Analysis and Stochastic

Publisher Correction: Truncated FGFR2 is a clinically actionable oncogene in multiple cancers.

This paper was originally published under a standard Springer Nature license

Cognitive function and drivers of cognitive impairment in a European and a Korean cohort of people living with HIV

Although cognitive impairments are still prevalent in the current antiretroviral therapy era, limited investigations have compared the prevalence of cognitive disorder in people living with HIV (PLWH) and its determinants in different regions and ethnicities. We compared cognitive performance across six domains using comparable batteries in 134 PLWH aged ≥45 years from the COBRA study (Netherlands, UK), and 194 PLWH aged ≥18 years from the NeuroAIDS Project (South Korea). Cognitive scores were standardized and averaged to obtain domain and global T-scores. Associations with global T-scores were evaluated using multivariable regression and the ability of individual tests to detect cognitive impairment (global T-score ≤45) was assessed using the area-under-the-receiver-operating-characteristic curve (AUROC). The median (interquartile range) age of participants was 56 (51, 62) years in COBRA (88% white ethnicity, 93% male) and 45 (37, 52) years in NeuroAIDS (100% Korean ethnicity, 94% male). The rate of cognitive impairment was 18.8% and 18.0%, respectively (p = 0.86). In COBRA, Black-African ethnicity was the factor most strongly associated with cognitive function (11.1 [7.7, 14.5] lower scores vs. white ethnicity, p < 0.01), whereas in NeuroAIDS, age (0.6 [0.1, 1.3] per 10-year, p<0.01) and education (0.7 [0.5, 0.9] per year, p<0.01) were significantly associated with cognitive function with anemia showing only a weak association (−1.2 [−2.6, 0.3], p=0.12). Cognitive domains most associated with cognitive impairment were attention (AUROC = 0.86) and executive function (AUROC = 0.87) in COBRA and processing speed (AUROC = 0.80), motor function (AUROC = 0.78) and language (AUROC = 0.78) in NeuroAIDS. Two cohorts of PLWH from different geographical regions report similar rates of cognitive impairment but different risk factors and cognitive profiles of impairment

Do people living with HIV experience greater age advancement than their HIV-negative counterparts?

Objectives: Despite successful antiretroviral therapy, people living with HIV (PLWH) may show signs of premature/accentuated aging. We compared established biomarkers of aging in PLWH, appropriately chosen HIV-negative individuals, and blood donors, and explored factors associated with biological age advancement. Design: Cross-sectional analysis of 134 PLWH on suppressive antiretroviral therapy, 79 lifestyle-comparable HIV-negative controls aged 45 years or older from the Co-mor- Bidity in Relation to AIDS (COBRA) cohort, and 35 age-matched blood donors. Methods: Biological age was estimated using a validated algorithm based on 10 biomarkers. Associations between ‘age advancement’ (biological minus chronological age) and HIV status/parameters, lifestyle, cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections were investigated using linear regression. Results: The average (95% CI) age advancement was greater in both HIV-positive [13.2 (11.6–14.9) years] and HIV-negative [5.5 (3.8–7.2) years] COBRA participants compared with blood donors [7.0 (4.1 to 9.9) years, both P’s<0.001)], but also in HIV-positive compared with HIV-negative participants (P<0.001). Chronic HBV, higher anti-CMV IgG titer and CD8þ T-cell count were each associated with increased age advancement, independently of HIV-status/group. Among HIV-positive participants, age advancement was increased by 3.5 (0.1–6.8) years among those with nadir CD4þ T-cell count less than 200 cells/ml and by 0.1 (0.06–0.2) years for each additional month of exposure to saquinavir

Off the beaten track : How ecosystems fail to respond to environmental change

Globally, ecosystems are exposed to human-induced changes in the environment. The effect of environmental changes on ecosystems can be understood with dynamical models. Such models have suggested that environmental change can trigger so-called critical transitions in ecosystems. A critical transition is a shift of a system to a qualitatively different dynamical regime. Critical transitions occur when conditions change beyond some critical threshold and include discontinuous, hard to reverse shifts to alternative stable regimes (catastrophic shifts), transitions from static to cyclic dynamics and the formation of spatially periodic patterns out of uniform states. Through equilibrium analysis the mechanisms behind these critical transitions can be studied in models by assuming that ecosystems are spatially uniform and in equilibrium. However, although frequently assumed, ecosystems often do not reside in a uniform equilibrium state. This dissertation investigates the response of ecological models that are "off the beaten track", i.e. that are not in a uniform equilibrium state, because of spatial patterning (Chapter 2), because of pulsed resource input (Chapter 3), because of cyclic dynamics (Chapter 4) or because of rapid environmental change (Chapter 5)

Off the beaten track : How ecosystems fail to respond to environmental change

Globally, ecosystems are exposed to human-induced changes in the environment. The effect of environmental changes on ecosystems can be understood with dynamical models. Such models have suggested that environmental change can trigger so-called critical transitions in ecosystems. A critical transition is a shift of a system to a qualitatively different dynamical regime. Critical transitions occur when conditions change beyond some critical threshold and include discontinuous, hard to reverse shifts to alternative stable regimes (catastrophic shifts), transitions from static to cyclic dynamics and the formation of spatially periodic patterns out of uniform states. Through equilibrium analysis the mechanisms behind these critical transitions can be studied in models by assuming that ecosystems are spatially uniform and in equilibrium. However, although frequently assumed, ecosystems often do not reside in a uniform equilibrium state. This dissertation investigates the response of ecological models that are "off the beaten track", i.e. that are not in a uniform equilibrium state, because of spatial patterning (Chapter 2), because of pulsed resource input (Chapter 3), because of cyclic dynamics (Chapter 4) or because of rapid environmental change (Chapter 5)