Od Sputnjika do Lenova - šest talasa američkog deklinizma posle Drugog svetskog rata

In this paper, the authors examine different waves of American declinism, since the Second World War. In the first part of the paper, he gives a description of the first five waves of American declinism, from the mid-fifties in the last century, and by the end of the Cold War. In the second part, he presents the latest phase of American decline, and displays similarities and differences between the present and past moments.U ovom radu autori propituju različite talase američkog deklinizma, od Drugog svetskog rata na ovamo. U prvom delu rada dat je opis prvih pet talasa američkog deklinizma, od sredine pedesetih godina prošlog veka, pa do kraja Hladnog rata. U drugom delu rada prikazana je najnovija faza američkog opadanja, kao i sličnosti i razlike između današnjeg trenutka i momenata kroz koje su Sjedinjene Američke Države već prošle

Uzburkanost u globalnoj politici - od međudržavnog poretka do globalnog društva

International order, almost unchanged during first three centuries of its existence, has been founded on the balance of power, diplomacy, alliances international law, and after a certain amount of time, on international organizations as its key factors and subjects. Within such order, sovereign and independent states in circumstances of non-existence of basic power that is, in the circumstances of anarchy but not chaos, do acknowledge and accept joint standards of behavior and activities. It is possible to talk about political, diplomatic, legal, economical and military side of a certain international order: since the notion 'international system' is most often used as a synonym for the notion 'order', it is necessary to point out that the 'order', in contrast to the 'system' implies also certain adopted rules of behavior and joint values. as its characteristic trait, alongside with international activities. Each order is system at the same time. On the other hand, there is a question whether, and to what extent, there are relations reflecting social and international order within a certain system. The international order among the states, in particular in last couple of decades, has been infiltrated deeply into the width of global society in statu nascendi, gaining an amorphous shape along the way - there are at least two orders existing and fighting for gaining advantage - one is an order with the states as main subjects, relying on the power balance; the polar power order (not excluding hegemonic and imperial structure of power) and various models of collective security on one side, and on the other side, there is a world order with individuals as its main subjects, that is founded on ideas, norms, values and institutions supporting them; the order of human security and human rights; the rich network of global management being based on new relation toward former dominance of political aspect over economical and environmental one.Gotovo neizmenjen u prva tri veka postojanja, međunarodni poredak se temeljio na ravnoteži snaga, diplomatiji, savezima, međunarodnom pravu i, nešto kasnije međunarodnim organizacijama kao svojim ključnim činiocima i subjektima. U jednom takvom poretku, suverene i nezavisne države u uslovima nepostojanja središnje vlasti - anarhije ali ne i haosa - ipak prihvataju i priznaju zajedničke standarde ponašanja i međudejstva. Može se govoriti o političkoj diplomatskoj, pravnoj, ekonomskoj i vojnoj strani određenog međunarodnog poretka - budući da se kao sinonim poretku najčešće upotrebljava pojam međunarodni sistem, neophodno je kazati da poredak za razliku od sistema podrazumeva kao svoju posebnost, pored postojanja međudejstva država, još i usvojena pravila ponašanja i zajedničke vrednosti. Svaki poredak je istovremeno i sistem; s druge strane, osnovano je pitanje da li, i koliko, u određenom sistemu ima odnosa koji odlikuju društveni i međunarodni poredak. Međunarodni poredak država, posebno u nekoliko poslednjih decenija, sve dublje uranja u širine globalnog društva in statu nascendi dobijajući pri tome amorfan oblik: uporedo postoje i bore se za pretežnost najmanje dva poretka poredak čiji su glavni subjekti države i koji je oslonjen na ravnotežu snaga polaran raspored moći (ne isključujući pri tome i hegemonsku i imperijalnu strukturu moći) i različite oblike kolektivne bezbednosti na jednoj strani kao i svetski poredak sa pojedincima kao glavnim subjektima utemeljen u idejama, normama, vrednostima i institucijama koje ih pridržavaju, poredak ljudske bezbednosti i ljudskih prava, guste mreže globalnog SPM broj 4/2008 godina XV, sveska 22. str. 11-30. 30 upravljanja koji počiva na novom odnosu do tada preovlađujućeg političkog nad ekonomskim i okolinskim, na drugoj strani

Da li je opadanje neminovno? - nekoliko argumenata protiv

In the article, the authors challenge the main arguments regarding the inevitability of decline of the American power pointed out by the declinists. By citing the eight arguments against declinists' case, the aim is to show that in international relations there is no absolute certainty that something will happen that way most people expect, especially when assessing one's strength. Conventional wisdom often fails in front of the unpredictability of events and the determinism in international relations does not have it easy as in some other areas of human activity.U ovom radu autori dovode u pitanje glavne argumente deklinista u pogledu neminovnosti opadanja američke moći. Navodeći osam argumenata protiv deklinističkih učenja, cilj rada je da se pokaže da u međunarodnim odnosima, pogotovo u pogledu procene nečije moći ne postoji apsolutna sigurnost da će se nešto desiti onako kako to najveći broj ljudi očekuje. Konvencionalne mudrosti često znaju da pokleknu pred nepredvidivostima dešavanja a determinizam u međunarodnim odnosima ima mnogo teže uslove za život nego što je to slučaj u nekim drugim oblastima ljudskog delovanja

Još jedanput o 'Četiri velike debate' - crtice iz istorije nauke o međunarodnim odnosima

Although majority of researchers think that there is a high level of consensus among scientists regarding history of this scientific discipline and its developmental phases, paradoxically enough, there is one problem with that fact itself. It is increasingly becoming evident that on one side there is a gap between a myth created by repeating one and the same thesis for decades, and real history on the other side, with its open issues and contradictions. Despite the belief that some thesis regarding creation and development of 'the field of international relations' have become generally accepted, a number of the scientists re-writing history of this scientific discipline has been constantly increasing, equally in terms of the broad background of international relations and the stances of certain states. In this case not only the search for the truth is the propellant for the researching efforts, but very often it is easy to recognize within these attempts also motivation to confirm or disaffirm the stances in current ongoing debates, through various elucidations of the processes or the stances of some well-known theoreticians and active participants in international politics. It is also important to underline that frequent and uncritical connecting of the stances of various coryphaeus of political theory and philosophy has often inflicted harm to positive contributions of theoreticians of international relations. Certainly it is difficult to deny any connection or foundations of modern theory of international relations whatsoever in the stances of one Tukidides, Plato, Aristotle or medieval and early modern political theoreticians such as Thomas Hobbes, Macchiavelli, Boden... However, unquestionable value of their contemplative sphere would not be significantly acknowledged without taking into account the background of the activities of numerous historians, philosophers or theologists. Not to mention some light research of ancient history, even some distortion of certain stances for purpose of winning the points in current ongoing debates.Iako većina istraživača smatra da postoji visok stepen saglasnosti kad je reč o istoriji discipline i njenim razvojnim fazama, paradoksalno upravo u toj činjenici leži problem. Sve je vidljiviji, naime, jaz između onoga što je višedecenijskim ponavljanjem postalo gotovo mit s jedne, i stvarne istorije sa svim njenim otvorenim pitanjima i protivrečnostima, s druge strane. Uprkos verovanju kako su stvari povodom nastanka i razvoja 'oblasti međunarodnih odnosa' opštepoznate, broj onih koji iznova pišu istoriju discipline neprestano raste; podjednako sa nivoa ukupnih međunarodnih odnosa i iz uglova pojedinih država. Nije u svakom od ovih slučajeva samo traganje za istinom pokretač istraživačkih napora: neretko se u takvim pokušajima lako raspoznaje i interes da određenim tumačenjima procesa i stavova istaknutih teoretičara i praktičara međunarodne politike budu potvrđena ili opovrgnuta stanovišta u aktuelnim raspravama. Važno je ovde reći i to da je prečesto i nekritičko dovođenje u vezu stavova korifeja političke teorije i filozofije često išlo na štetu doprinosa koji su pružali upravo teoretičari samih međunarodnih odnosa. Teško je, razume se, poricati bilo kakvu vezu i utemeljenost savremene teorije međunarodnih odnosa u stavovima jednog Tukidida, Platona, Aristotela ili novovekovnih veličina u oblasti političke teorije kao što su Hobs, Makijaveli, Boden,... ipak, bez uzimanja u obzir okolnosti u kojima su delovali brojni istoričari, filozofi ili teolozi, nesumnjiva vrednost njihovih misaonih dometa neće danas imati veliku saznajnu težinu. Da i ne govorimo o olakom posezanju u daleku istoriju, čak i iskrivljavanju pojedinih stavova kako bi što bolje poslužili svrsi tekućih nadgornjavanja

An application of a hybrid intelligent system for diagnosing primary headaches

[Abstract] (1) Background: Modern medicine generates a great deal of information that stored in medical databases. Simultaneously, extracting useful knowledge and making scientific decisions for diagnosis and treatment of diseases becomes increasingly necessary. Headache disorders are the most prevalent of all the neurological conditions. Headaches have not only medical but also great socioeconomic significance. The aim of this research is to develop an intelligent system for diagnosing primary headache disorders. (2) Methods: This research applied various mathematical, statistical and artificial intelligence techniques, among which the most important are: Calinski-Harabasz index, Analytical Hierarchy Process, and Weighted Fuzzy C-means Clustering Algorithm. These methods, techniques and methodologies are used to create a hybrid intelligent system for diagnosing primary headache disorders. The proposed intelligent diagnostic system is tested with original real-world data set with different metrics. (3) Results: First at all, nine of 20 attributes – features from International Headache Society (IHS) criteria are selected, and then only five most important attributes from IHS criteria are selected. The calculation result based on the Calinski–Harabasz index value (178) for the optimal number of clusters is three, and they present three classes of headaches: (i) migraine, (ii) tension-type headaches (TTHs), and (iii) other primary headaches (OPHs). The proposed hybrid intelligent system shows the following quality metrics: Accuracy 75%; Precision 67% for migraine, 74% for TTHs, 86% for OPHs, and Average Precision 77%; Recall 86% for migraine, 73% for TTHs, 67% for OPHs, Average Recall 75%; F1 score 75% for migraine, 74% for TTHs, 75% for OPHs, and Average F1 score 75%. (4) Conclusions: The hybrid intelligent system presents qualitative and respectable experimental results. The implementation of existing diagnostics systems and the development of new diagnostics systems in medicine is necessary in order to help physicians make quality diagnosis and decide the best treatments for the patients.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; MINECO-TIN2017-84804-RGobierno del Principado de Asturias; FCGRUPIN-IDI/2018/000226Serbia. Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development; 451-03-68/2020-14/20015

Sem/Edx and Xrd Characterization of Silver Nanocrystalline Thin Film Prepared from Organometallic Solution Precursor

The Ag nano-structured thin films prepared on flat glass substrates have been studied. The ball-like silver nanoparticles have been synthesized in large quantity by using a modified method of hydrolytic decomposition of silver complexes with amino types ligands formed in ethanol aqueous solution. SEM analysis revealed that Ag nanoparticles are all sphere shaped with bimodal size (40 and 70 nm) distribution. The results of XRD powder pattern examination show that Ag nanoparticles are pure phase, well crystallized. The unit cell dimensions measured on synthesized Ag nano films show small but frequent contraction in comparison to Ag metal standard

The evolution of civil-military relations in FRY/the state union of Serbia and Montenegro

Theoretical speculations and researches on the relations between the civil and the military sectors of society, as well as, between the political and military decision-makers, in a narrow sense, almost regularly appeared as a consequence of the demand of 'real reality'. Actually, there are few examples of such stipulation of theoretic thinking with concrete reality. On the other hand, there are few subjects of research overlapping to such an extent with other phenomenon, relations, processes and situations, as is the case of the military factor: the army represents, almost without exception, the concise expression of one society's condition and relations. Therefore, elaboration of this topic, which assumes prior "sociologically broad" information about society, whose civil-military relations reached a level of democratic civil control over the army and the police, as well as a reform pattern of the security sector are taken under consideration. The "case" of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia/ the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro is sui generis in full meaning of this term; starting from the middle of the 20th century, the former "second Yugosavia" created very unusual social relations, till civil wars in 1990s, which delayed the so-called transition processes that were already taking place in East and Southeast Europe for more than a decade. Therefore, for a thorough comprehension of the evolution of civil-military relations in Serbia and Montenegro, is especially important to research roots and reasons, which apparently have an influence on today's situation. Using this approach, with respect to concrete particularities it would be possible to evaluate the actual condition, in order to integrate our society into existing broader security and economic structures through necessary and inevitable changes. In the case of Serbia and Montenegro, the almost fully isolated evolution of civil-military relations in the past decade must be pointed out in relation to changes which in Western liberal democratic societies led to a redefinition of system and functions of modern security. To be clearer, it is related to a way of thinking and to the overall security culture connected to the pre-modern, partially modern, versus the forthcoming postmodern approach. This naturally should not question the necessity of homogenization and adjustment of Southeast European countries' existing national security systems in order torespond successfully to new security challenges and threats for practical rather than theoretical needs. On the contrary! The rise of so called complex terrorism1 - a serious enough threat, along with all the old and the new security challenges and threats, with its effects on national, collective and global levels made the issue even more deserving of a special research focus

Američko strateško mišljenje na početku XXI veka

The paper analyzes strategic thinking in the United States foreign policy. Three major turning points in American foreign and security policy are given in the introduction: burning of the White House and Capitol by the Britons in 1814; bombing of the Pearl Harbor by Japan in 1941; and Al Qaida terrorists' attacks at New York and Washington on 9/11 2001. After every one of these events, the U.S. foreign policy replied not with withdrawing, but with action - internal changes, preventive measures, specifically with unilateralism, hegemony, and preventive action. The following part of the paper examines G. W. Bush's revolution in foreign policy - the Strategy of National Security from September 17th 2002. Special attention is given to the very vague line between preventive and preemptive war and all hazardous consequences to the United States foreign policy and to the entire international order.

Srbija i susedi - kontinuitet stare i ili nova politika?

The authors of this paper analyze the progress made in relations with the countries surrounding Serbia - in the regions of South East Europe and the Western Balkans, and upon the formation of the new government of Serbia (27th July 2012). In this regard, they point out the improvement of bilateral relations with the countries of the so-called old neighborhood (Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Italy, Albania and Greece), as well as the 'new' neighbors (Macedonia, Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia). Therefore, the authors emphasize that it is not only the continuity of the policy of improving relations in the region, but some concrete actions to advance a good-neighborly relations have been taken as well. According to the authors resolution of many accumulated problems with neighbors will result in acceleration of the process of European integration of Serbia and the rest of the Western Balkans. This will prove to be a significant benefit to citizens of all countries in this part of Europe. Serbia has thus positioned itself as a reliable regional partner for its immediate environment, as well as to the leading factors of world politics, the authors conclude.Autori u ovom radu analiziraju napredak u odnosima Srbije sa državama okruženja - Jugoistočne Evrope i Zapadnog Balkana, a nakon formiranja nove Vlade Srbije (27. jul 2012). U tom smislu oni su ukazali na unapređenje bilateralnih odnosa sa državama takozvanog starog susedstva (Mađarska, Rumunija, Bugarska i Albanija), kao i sa 'novim' susedima (Makedonija, Crna Gora, Bosna i Hercegovina i Hrvatska). Zato autori naglašavaju da se ne radi samo o kontinuitetu dosadašnje politike poboljšanja odnosa u regionu, već i da su preduzete određene konkretne aktivnosti kako bi se dobrosusedski odnosi unapredili. Regulisanje brojnih i nagomilanih problema sa susedima rezultiraće, navode autori, ubrzanjem procesa evropskih integracija Srbije, kao i ostatka Zapadnog Balkana. Od navedenog rešavanja bilateralnih pitanja značajnu korist će imati i građani svih država ovog dela Evrope. Srbija se tako, zaključuju autori, pozicionirala kao pouzdan regionalni partner za svoje neposredno okruženje, ali i vodeće faktore svetske politike

Hemicranial Cough-Induced Headache as a First Symptom of a Carotid-Cavernous Fistula-Case Report

Background and objectives: Spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are rare, and they may be caused by an aneurysm rupture. Materials and Methods: A case of a man hospitalized for high-intensity hemicranial headache with sudden cough onset as part of an upper respiratory tract infection is presented. The pain was of a pulsating character, localized on the right, behind the eye, followed by nausea and vomiting. Neurological finding registered a wider rima oculi to the right and slight neck rigidity. Laboratory findings detected a mild leukocytosis with neutrophil predominance, while cytobiochemical findings of CSF and a computerized tomography (CT) scan of the endocranium were normal. Results: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) angiography indicated the presence of a carotid cavernous fistula with a pseudoaneurysm to the right. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was performed to confirm the existence of the fistula. The planned artificial embolization was not performed because a complete occlusion of the fistula occurred during angiographic examination. Patient was discharged without subjective complaints and with normal neurological findings. Conclusions: Hemicranial cough-induced headache may be the first sign of carotid cavernous fistula, which was resolved by a spontaneous thrombosis in preparation for artificial embolization