Espécies e atividade de alumínio na solução de solo arenoso com adição de dejetos líquidos de suínos

The application of slurry may reducing the bioavailability the aluminum (Al), by increasing the concentration of soluble ligands. The study aimed to assess how the long-term use of pig slurry is able to modify the exchangeable Al content, activity, and distribution of chemical species of Al in soil solution. Soil samples of Typic Hapludalf were obtained from an experiment conducted for eight years with 19 pig slurry applications of 0, 20, 40 and 80 m3 ha-1 at the Federal University of Santa Maria, in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. The soil samples was collected stratified in layers, to determine exchangeable Al content and extract the solution. The soil solution concentrations of the main cations, anions, dissolved organic carbon and pH were assessed. The distribution of the chemical species of Al and the activity of the Al3+ species was obtained through Visual Minteq software. The history of pig slurry applications did not modify the exchangeable Al content and had little impact on Al3+ activity in soil solution. Pig slurry applications reduce the phytotoxic potential of Al by increasing the concentration of soluble inorganic ligands, thus increasing the proportion of AlHPO4+ and AlSO4+ in soil solutionO objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das aplicações de dejetos líquidos de suínos no teor de Al trocável, na atividade e na distribuição das espécies químicas de Al na solução do solo. Amostras de um Argissolo foram obtidas de um experimento conduzido durante oito anos, com 19 aplicações de 0, 20, 40 e 80 m3 ha-1 de dejetos líquidos de suínos. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em camadas, para determinação do Al trocável e extração da solução do solo pelo método da pasta de saturação. Na solução, foram determinados as concentrações dos principais cátions e ânions, o carbono orgânico dissolvido e o pH. A distribuição das espécies químicas de Al e a atividade da espécie Al3+ foram obtidas pelo programa Visual Minteq. A aplicação de dejetos líquidos de suínos não altera o teor de Al trocável no solo e a atividade de Al3+ na solução do solo. A baixa atividade de Al3+ nas camadas superficiais não apresenta risco de toxidez para a maioria das culturas. A adição de dejetos líquidos de suínos aumenta a proporção das espécies AlHPO4+ e AlSO4+ na solução do solo, por incrementar a concentração de ligantes inorgânicos solúveis

Produtividade de uvas e composição do mosto de videiras ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ fertilizadas com composto orgânico e ureia

Urea and organic compost are applied as a nitrogen (N) source in vineyards. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield, total N content in the leaves and the must composition in grapevines with the application of organic compost and urea. ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevines, in the 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 crop seasons were subjected to the application of 40 kg N ha-1 in the form of organic compost and urea; but there were also unfertilized grapevines. In both crop seasons, leaves were collected at the stages of full flowering and at the change in color of the berries, and the total N content were analyzed; grape yield was evaluated and enological attributes were determined in the must. The application of organic compost and urea did not affect the N content in the leaf nor the grape yield in the second crop season evaluated. However, in the first crop season, grape yield was greater in the grapevines with application of organic compost to the soil. The addition of N sources did not affect the total nutrient content in the must but, in the second crop season, the grape must from the grapevines with the addition of organic compost had a lower soluble solids concentration and a higher total acidity value, as well as tartaric and malic acid values.A ureia e o composto orgânico são aplicados em vinhedos como fonte de nitrogênio (N). O estudo objetivou avaliar a produtividade, o teor de N total em folhas e a composição do mosto em videiras submetidas à aplicação de composto orgânico e ureia. Videiras ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ nas safras de 2008/2009 e 2009/2010 foram submetidas à aplicação de 40 kg de N ha-1 na forma de composto orgânico e ureia, mas videiras também não foram adubadas. Nas duas safras foram coletadas folhas no florescimento e na mudança da cor das bagas, preparadas e submetidas à análise de N total. A produção de uva foi avaliada e atributos enológicos foram determinados no mosto. A aplicação de composto orgânico e ureia não afetou o teor de N total nas folhas e a produção de uva na segunda safra avaliada. Mas, na primeira safra, a produção de uva foi maior nas videiras submetidas à aplicação com composto orgânico no solo. A adição de fontes de N não afetou o conteúdo de nutrientes no mosto mas, na segunda safra, o mosto da uva derivado das plantas com a adição de composto orgânico apresentou baixo teor de sólidos solúveis totais, maior valor de acidez, ácido tartárico e ácido málico

Nitrogen availability in an apple orchard with weed management

ABSTRACT: Weed management in apple orchards (Malus domestica) can affect the leaching of nitrogen (N) in soil. The study aimed to evaluate the potential leaching of N forms in soil of an apple orchard with different weed management treatments. The experiment was conducted in an apple orchard implanted in 2008. In October 2011, 80 plants were selected and the following treatments were implemented: no weed management (NM), desiccation of weeds on the tree row with herbicide use (DR) and mechanical mowing of weeds on the tree row (MR). Yield was evaluated in the 2011/2012, 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 crop seasons. In May 2012 porous cup lysimeters were installed in the NM, DR and MR treatments. In the solution collected at 0.20m, NH4 +-N and NO3 --N were analyzed sixteen times and mineral N concentration was calculated. The highest concentrations of NO3 --N and mineral N occurred in soil solution with DR, which increases availability of the nutrient to apple trees, but also enhances the potential losses. Weed management and N flow in the solution did not affect apple yield

Fertilización fosfatada para plantas jóvenes de vid Chardonnay y Pinot Noir en suelo arenoso

ABSTRACT Sandy soils of the Campanha Gaúcha region have naturally low levels of available phosphorus (P), which is why special attention to pre-planting fertilization is important. However, there are no studies that enable a proper calibration method to determine P content available in soil for young grapevines. The study aimed to evaluate phosphorus fertilization for young grapevines of Chardonnay and Pinot Noir in order to provide support for the recommendation of P in sandy soils. In October, 2011 we applied six doses of P (0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 yr-1) in soil and transplanted cultivars of Chardonnay (experiment 1) and Pinot Noir (ex-periment 2). The design of each experiment was randomized blocks with ten plants and three replications. We evaluated P content in the soil and leaves. We determined plant height, stem diameter and dry matter of the pruned material from crop seasons 2011/12 to 2014/15. The addition of increasing P doses elevated P content available in soil three years after implementing the experiments, but exclusively in doses above 40 and 60 kg P2O5 ha-1 in Pinot Noir and Chardonnay, respectively. However, P content in soil for every applied P dose remained below sufficiency level, and therefore growth parameters and leaf P content were virtually unaffected.RESUMEN Los suelos arenosos de la región Campanha Gaúcha son naturalmente bajos en contenidos de fósforo (P) disponible, por lo que requiere una atención especial con la fertilización previo a la siembra. Sin embargo, aún no existen trabajos de investigación que permitan una calibración adecuada para determinar el contenido de P disponible en suelos para el cultivo de vides viníferas jóvenes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la fertilización fosfatada en las variedades jóvenes de vid Chardonnay y Pinot Noir a fin de sugerir dosis a la recomendación de P, en suelos arenosos. En Octubre de 2011 fueron aplicadas seis dosis de P (0, 10, 20, 40, 60 y 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 año-1) en suelo y transplantadas las variedades Chardonnay (experimento 1) y Pinot Noir (experimento 2). El diseño experimental fue de bloques completos al azar, con tres repeticiones, y diez plantas. Fueron evaluados los contenidos de P en el suelo, en hojas, altura de plantas, diámetro del tallo y materia seca del material podado durante las cosechas del 2011/12 a 2014/15. La adición de dosis crecientes de P incrementó el contenido de P disponible en el suelo después de los tres años del establecimiento de los experimentos cuando las dosis fueron superiores de 40 y 60 de P2O5 ha-1 en las variedades Pinot Noir y Chardonnay, respectivamente. En todos los estados los contenidos en P en suelo, fueron suficientes, por lo tanto, el crecimiento y contenido de P en las Hojas, no fueron afectadas

Nitrogen availability in an apple orchard with weed management

<div><p>ABSTRACT: Weed management in apple orchards (Malus domestica) can affect the leaching of nitrogen (N) in soil. The study aimed to evaluate the potential leaching of N forms in soil of an apple orchard with different weed management treatments. The experiment was conducted in an apple orchard implanted in 2008. In October 2011, 80 plants were selected and the following treatments were implemented: no weed management (NM), desiccation of weeds on the tree row with herbicide use (DR) and mechanical mowing of weeds on the tree row (MR). Yield was evaluated in the 2011/2012, 2012/2013 and 2013/2014 crop seasons. In May 2012 porous cup lysimeters were installed in the NM, DR and MR treatments. In the solution collected at 0.20m, NH4 +-N and NO3 --N were analyzed sixteen times and mineral N concentration was calculated. The highest concentrations of NO3 --N and mineral N occurred in soil solution with DR, which increases availability of the nutrient to apple trees, but also enhances the potential losses. Weed management and N flow in the solution did not affect apple yield.</p></div

Yield and must composition of 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapevines subjected to nitrogen application in soil with high organic matter content

ABSTRACT It is common for vineyards in regions of high altitude to have high organic matter content in soil. Furthermore, reduced miner alization of organic matter and decomposing residues is expected because of the low temperatures. Thus, soils may not provide enough mineral nitrogen (N) to meet the needs of the grapevines and so the application of N sources is necessary, but may affect yield and must composition. The study aimed to evaluate yield and must composition of grapevines subjected to N application in soil with high organic matter content and the relationship with temperature and rainfall. The study was conducted in crops sea sons 2011/12, 2012/13 and 2013/14 in a vineyard located in the city of Água Doce, state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil. The treatments consisted of N doses (0, 20, 40, 80 and 120 kg N ha-1) supplied via urea. Leaves opposite to the cluster were collected at full flowering and at veraison. Afterwards, the leaves were dried, ground and submitted to N analysis. Parameters of yield and must composition were evaluated. The dose of maximum technical efficiency in Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines was reached with 46 kg N ha-1 year-1 in crop season 2012/13. Leaf N content was a sensitive parameter to the application of N doses in the soil and underwent seasonal variation in relation to rainfall distribution. The N doses reduced total soluble solids (TSS) contents in the must. Based on principal component analysis, we found a correlation between total N content in leaf and accumulated rainfall, as well as between yield and temperature.RESUMEN Los viñedos ubicados en regiones altas poseen suelos con alto contenido de materia orgánica. Sin embargo, debido a la baja temperatura se espera menor mineralización de la materia orgánica. De esta forma, los suelos pueden proporcionar menos cantidad de nitrógeno (N) mineral, respecto a los requerimientos de la vid. Por eso, es necesaria la aplicación de nitrógeno que puede afectar la productividad de la vid y la composición de la uva. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la productividad y la composición del mosto de la vid sometido a la aplicación de N en suelos con alto contenido de materia orgánica y la relación con la temperatura y la pluviometría. El estudio fue realizado durante las campañas de los años 2011/12, 2012/13 y 2013/14, en un viñedo ubicado en el municipio de Agua Doce, Santa Catarina, región sur de Brasil. Los tratamientos fueron diferentes dosis de N (0, 20, 40, 80 e 120 kg N ha-1), suministrados con urea. La dosis de máxima eficiencia técnica en la vid Cabernet Sauvignon fue alcanzada con 46 kg N ha-1 año-1 en suelos con alto contenido de materia orgánica. El contenido de nitrógeno en las hojas fue un parámetro sensible a la aplicación de dosis de N en el suelo es sensible a la distribución de las lluvias. El N reduce el contenido de sólidos solubles totales en el mosto. Con base en los principales componentes analizados, los resultados indican una correlación entre el contenido de nitrógeno total en las hojas y la precipitación acumulada, así como entre los rendimientos y la temperatura

Aluminum species and activity in sandy soil solution with pig slurry addition

<div><p>Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pig slurry applications on the exchangeable Al content, activity, and distribution of Al chemical species in the soil solution. Soil samples of a Typic Hapludalf were obtained from an experiment conducted during eight years, with 19 applications of 0, 20, 40, and 80 m3 ha-1 pig slurry. The soil samples were collected in stratified layers to determine exchangeable Al content and to extract the soil solution by the saturated soil paste method. The concentrations of the main cations and anions, dissolved organic carbon, and pH in the soil solution were determined. The distribution of the chemical species of Al and the activity of the Al3+ species were obtained through the Visual Minteq software. The application of pig slurry does not change the exchangeable Al content in the soil and the Al3+ activity in the soil solution. The low Al3+ activity in the topsoil layers does not present risk of toxicity for most crops. Pig slurry applications increase the proportion of the AlHPO4 + and AlSO4 + species in the soil solution, by increasing the concentration of soluble inorganic ligands.</p></div