Survey and Assessment of Laws on the Informal Sector

This study classifies the laws affecting the informal sector and assesses the extent of the empowerment of the sector based on the provisions in the laws that allow for organization, decision making mechanisms and transfer of power from the traditional center to another. Results indicate that, to some extent, four groups within the sector are accorded empowerment through Philippine laws: the agricultural sector, small and medium enterprises, industrial home workers and cooperatives. These groups are allowed to form organizations and to participate in decision making bodies. Decision making is accorded to certain groups among informal sector, which, in some cases, comprise the majority members in decision making bodies. Nowhere among the laws is a shift of power provided from the traditional or government decision makers to the informal sector. However, certain groups within the IS have participated in the institution of some policies and the realization of programs for their own advantage.informal financial sectors, small and medium enterprises

Survey and Assessment of Laws on the Informal Sector

This study classifies the laws affecting the informal sector and assesses the extent of the empowerment of the sector based on the provisions in the laws that allow for organization, decision making mechanisms and transfer of power from the traditional center to another. Results indicate that, to some extent, four groups within the sector are accorded empowerment through Philippine laws: the agricultural sector, small and medium enterprises, industrial home workers and cooperatives. These groups are allowed to form organizations and to participate in decision making bodies. Decision making is accorded to certain groups among informal sector, which, in some cases, comprise the majority members in decision making bodies. Nowhere among the laws is a shift of power provided from the traditional or government decision makers to the informal sector. However, certain groups within the IS have participated in the institution of some policies and the realization of programs for their own advantage.informal financial sectors, small and medium enterprises

Recent diarrhoeal illness and risk of lower respiratory infections in children under the age of 5 years

Background Children in low-income settings suffering from frequent diarrhoea episodes are also at a high risk of acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI). We explored whether this is due to common risk factors for both conditions or whether diarrhoea can increase the risk of ALRI directly

Imaging in gynecological disease (17): ultrasound features of malignant ovarian yolk sac tumors (endodermal sinus tumors)

Objective To describe the clinical and sonographic characteristics of malignant ovarian yolk sac tumors (YSTs). Methods In this retrospective multicenter study, we included 21 patients with a histological diagnosis of ovarian YST and available transvaginal ultrasound images and/or videoclips and/or a detailed ultrasound report. Ten patients identified from the International Results All cases were pure YSTs, except for one that was a mixed tumor (80% YST and 20% embryonal carcinoma). Median age at diagnosis was 25 (interquartile range (IQR), 19.5–30.5) years. Seventy-six percent (16/21) of women had an International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Stage I–II tumor at diagnosis. Fifty-eight percent (11/19) of women felt pain during the ultrasound examination and one presented with ovarian torsion. Median serum α-fetoprotein (S-AFP) level was 4755 (IQR, 1071–25 303) μg/L and median serum CA 125 level was 126 (IQR, 35–227) kU/L. On ultrasound assessment, 95% (20/21) of tumors were unilateral. The median maximum tumor diameter was 157 (IQR, 107–181) mm and the largest solid component was 110 (IQR, 66–159) mm. Tumors were classified as either multilocular-solid (10/21; 48%) or solid (11/21; 52%). Papillary projections were found in 10% (2/21) of cases. Most (20/21; 95%) tumors were well vascularized (color score, 3–4) and none had acoustic shadowing. Malignancy was suspected in all cases, except in the patient with ovarian torsion, who presented a tumor with a color score of 1, which was classified as probably benign. Image and videoclip quality was considered as adequate in 18/21 cases. On review of the images and videoclips, we found that all tumors contained both solid components and cystic spaces, and that 89% (16/18) had irregular, still fine-textured and slightly hyperechoic solid tissue, giving them a characteristic appearance. Conclusion Malignant ovarian YSTs are often detected at an early stage, in young women usually in the second or third decade of life, presenting with pain and markedly elevated S-AFP. On ultrasound, malignant ovarian YSTs are mostly unilateral, large and multilocular-solid or solid, with fine-textured slightly hyperechoic solid tissue and rich vascularization. © 2020 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Pituitary macroadenomas: are combination antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy contraindicated? A case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Pituitary apoplexy is a life-threatening endocrine emergency that is caused by haemorrhage or infarction of the pituitary gland, commonly within a pituitary adenoma. Patients classically present with headache, ophthalmoplegia, visual field defects and altered mental state, but may present with a typical symptoms such as fever and altered conscious level.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>A 57-year-old female with a known pituitary macroadenoma was treated for suspected acute coronary syndrome with aspirin, clopidogrel and full dose enoxaparin. She developed a severe and sudden headache, nausea and vomiting and visual deterioration. A CT scan showed haemorrhage into the pituitary macroadenoma. She underwent neurosurgical decompression. Post-operatively her visual fields and acuity returned to baseline. She was continued on hydrocortisone and thyroxine replacement on discharge.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>This case illustrates the risks of anticoagulation in a patient with a known pituitary macroadenoma, and raises the issue of whether these tumours present a relative contraindication to the use of dual antiplatelet and anticoagulation in acute coronary syndrome.</p