Yeast-Lactobacillus Co-Cultures as in situ Ethanol Producers for Flavor Ester Synthesis using Lipase in Fermented Milks

Background and objective: Nowadays, novel biotechnological methods are preferred for flavoring productions since traditional methods include disadvantages. The aim of this study was to assess in situ biosynthesis of natural fruity flavors in fermented milks using microbial co-cultures and lipase enzyme. Materials and methods: Trans esterification of milk fats with ethanol was carried out to develop fruity flavors in ultra-high-temperature whole milks using lipase of Palatase coupled with ethanol fermentation. Kluyveromyces marxianus NCYC 1425 was used to produce in situ ethanol in co-cultures with Lactobacillus fermentum PCC or Lactobacillus paracasei L26. Effects of co-culturing on cell viability and fermentation progress were assessed using enumeration of viable cells and measurement of pH in samples at 0, 24 (Palatase addition) and 48 h (end of fermentation). Headspace solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography (SPME)-MS/FID was used for ester, ethanol and free fatty acid analyses at the beginning and end of the fermentation. Standard curve of ethanol was used to assess the products in terms of being Halal. Results and conclusion: Kluyveromyces marxianus included synergistic effects on Lactobacillus paracasei growth as well as antagonistic effects on Lactobacillus fermentum growth. Antimicrobial effects were seen in Kluyveromyces marxianus-Lactobacillus paracasei co-cultures when Palatase was added. Palatase significantly increased ester levels of the fermented samples. The co-cultures did not include significant differences in shorter chain ester levels (esters of 4-7 carbon chain fatty acids); in contrast, Kluyveromyces marxianus- Lactobacillus fermentum resulted in higher levels of longer chain esters. Although the Kluyveromyces marxianus cultures resulted in higher ester levels compared to that its co-cultures did, the cultures can be used as appropriate adjunct cultures with Lactobacillus cultures to boost flavor ester synthesis. This flavor synthesis can be an appropriate alternative for artificial flavoring agents

(E)-N′-(3-Fluoro­benzyl­idene)-2-hydroxy­benzohydrazide

The title compound, C14H11FN2O2, adopts an E or trans configuration with respect to the C=N bond. An intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond contributes to the relatively planarity of the mol­ecular conformation; the two benzene rings are inclined to one another by 12.5 (2)°. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol­ecules into chains running parallel to the c axis

Identification of FKBP10 prognostic value in lung adenocarcinoma patients with surgical resection of brain metastases: A retrospective single-institution cohort study

Objective: To explore the expression levels and clinical value of FKBP10 in lung adenocarcinoma brain metastases. Design: A retrospective single-institution cohort study. Patients: The perioperative records of 71 patients with lung adenocarcinoma brain metastases who underwent surgical resection at the authors’ institution between November 2012 and June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed. Methods: The authors evaluated FKBP10 expression levels using immunohistochemistry in tissue arrays of these patients. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were constructed, and a Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to identify independent prognostic biomarkers. A public database was used to detect FKBP10 expression and its clinical value in primary lung adenocarcinoma. Results: The authors found that the FKBP10 protein was selectively expressed in lung adenocarcinoma brain metastases. Survival analysis showed that FKBP10 expression (p = 0.02, HR = 2.472, 95% CI [1.156, 5.289]), target therapy (p < 0.01, HR = 0.186, 95% CI [0.073, 0.477]), and radiotherapy (p = 0.006, HR = 0.330, 95% CI [0.149, 0.731]) were independent prognostic factors for survival in lung adenocarcinoma patients with brain metastases. The authors also detected FKBP10 expression in primary lung adenocarcinoma using a public database, found that FKBP10 is also selectively expressed in primary lung adenocarcinoma, and affects the overall survival and disease-free survival of patients. Limitations: The number of enrolled patients was relatively small and patients’ treatment options varied. Conclusions: A combination of surgical resection, adjuvant radiotherapy, and precise target therapy may benefit the survival of selected patients with lung adenocarcinoma brain metastases. FKBP10 is a novel biomarker for lung adenocarcinoma brain metastases, which is closely associated with survival time and may serve as a potential therapeutic target

Statistical Spectral Characteristics of Three-Dimensional Winds in the Mesopause Region Revealed by the Andes Lidar

By analyzing data recorded at the Andes Lidar Observatory in Cerro Pachon, Chile (30.3°S, 70.7°W) from May 2014 to July 2019, we investigated the fundamental features of three-dimensional wind and temperature spectra. The vertical wavenumber spectral amplitudes of horizontal winds show obvious seasonal variations that are closely related to the seasonal variations in the source and background winds. The wavenumber spectral slopes of the horizontal winds are systematically less negative than −3, with mean values of −1.96 and −2.18 for zonal and meridional winds, respectively. The zonal and meridional wind frequency spectra have mean slopes of −1.37 and −1.56, respectively; these values are slightly less negative than −5/3. Moreover, the frequency spectral amplitudes show different seasonal variations from those of the wavenumber spectra, possibly because they correspond to different GW spectral components. The vertical wind has obviously different spectral features than the horizontal winds. The vertical wind spectra are notably shallower than the horizontal wind spectra, with mean slopes of −0.82 and −0.91 for the wavenumber and frequency spectra, respectively, departing evidently from those expected under linear instability theory (LIT). Although the vertical wind spectrum is almost always separable, the horizontal wind spectra are separable only at high frequencies. As the frequency increased, the horizontal wind wavenumber spectra become shallower and depart from the spectral slope expected under LIT, likely because high-frequency GWs are not completely saturated. In general, our results do not support LIT

Protective immunity against Trichinella spiralis infection induced by TsNd vaccine in mice

BACKGROUND: We have previously reported that Trichinella spiralis Nudix hydrolase (TsNd) bound to intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), and vaccination of mice with recombinant TsNd protein (rTsNd) produced a partial protective immunity. The aim of this study was to investigate the immune protection induced by TsNd DNA vaccine. METHODS: The full-length cDNA sequence of TsNd gene was cloned into pcDNA3.1 and used to immunize BALB/c mice by intramuscular injection. Transcription and expression of TsNd were detected by RT-PCR and IFT. The levels of specific IgA, IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a, and cytokines were assayed by ELISA at weeks 0, 6 and 8 post-immunization. The immune protection of TsNd DNA vaccine against challenge infection was investigated. RESULTS: Immunization of mice with TsNd DNA elicited a systemic Th1/Th2 immune response and a local mucosal IgA response. The in vitro transcription and expression of TsNd gene was observed at all developmental stages of T. spiralis (ML, IIL, AW and NBL). Anti-rTsNd IgG levels were increased after immunization and levels of IgG1 were obviously higher than that of IgG2a. Intestinal specific IgA levels of immunized mice were significantly higher than those of vector and PBS control mice. Cytokine profiling also showed a significant increase in Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2) and Th2 (IL-4, 10) responses in splenocytes of immunized mice on stimulation with rTsNd. Vaccination of mice with pcDNA3.1-TsNd displayed a 40.44% reduction in adult worms and a 53.9% reduction in larval burden. CONCLUSIONS: TsNd DNA induced a mixed Th1/Th2 immune response and partial protection against T. spiralis infection in mice

Octa­aqua­bis(μ2-1H-pyrazole-3,5-di­carboxyl­ato)tricopper(II) tetra­hydrate

In the trinucler CuII complex mol­ecule of the title compound, [Cu3(C5HN2O4)2(H2O)8]·4H2O, the central CuII atom is located on an inversion centre and is coordinated in a distorted octa­hedral geometry. The equatorial sites are occupied by two N and two O atoms from two pyrazole-3,5-dicarboxyl­ate ligands and the axial positions are occupied by two water mol­ecules. The two other symmetry-related CuII atoms are penta­coordinated and assume a square-pyramidal geometry. In the crystal structure, coordinated and uncoordinated water mol­ecules and carboxyl­ate O atoms are linked by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

Plasmoid ejection and secondary current sheet generation from magnetic reconnection in laser-plasma interaction

Reconnection of the self-generated magnetic fields in laser-plasma interaction was first investigated experimentally by Nilson {\it et al.} [Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 255001 (2006)] by shining two laser pulses a distance apart on a solid target layer. An elongated current sheet (CS) was observed in the plasma between the two laser spots. In order to more closely model magnetotail reconnection, here two side-by-side thin target layers, instead of a single one, are used. It is found that at one end of the elongated CS a fan-like electron outflow region including three well-collimated electron jets appears. The ($>1$ MeV) tail of the jet energy distribution exhibits a power-law scaling. The enhanced electron acceleration is attributed to the intense inductive electric field in the narrow electron dominated reconnection region, as well as additional acceleration as they are trapped inside the rapidly moving plasmoid formed in and ejected from the CS. The ejection also induces a secondary CS

Molecular identification of Trichinella spiralis nudix hydrolase and its induced protective immunity against trichinellosis in BALB/c mice

Background: Nudix hydrolases (Nd) is a widespread superfamily, which is found in all classes of organism, hydrolyse a wide range of organic pyrophosphates and has a ‘housecleaning’ function. The previous study showed that Trichinella spiralis Nd (TsNd) bound to intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), and the vaccination of mice with T7 phage-displayed TsNd polypeptides produced protective immunity. The aim of this study was to clone, express and identify the full-length TsNd and to investigate its immune protection against T. spiralis infection. Methods: The full-length cDNA sequence of TsNd gene encoding a 46 kDa protein from T. spiralis intestinal infective larvae (IIL) was cloned and identified. The antigenicity of rTsNd was analyzed by Western blot. Transcription and expression of TsNd at T. spiralis different stages were observed by RT-PCR and IFT. The levels of the specific total IgG, IgG1 and IgG2a antibodies to rTsNd were determined by ELISA. The immune protection of rTsNd against T. spiralis infection was investigated. Results: Sequence and phylogenetic analysis revealed that TsNd had a nudix motif located at 226-244aa, which had high homology and the closest evolutionary status with T. pseudospiralis. The rTsNd was obtained after expression and purification. Western blot analysis showed that anti-rTsNd serum recognized the native TsNd protein in crude antigens of muscle larvae (ML), IIL, adult worms (AW) and newborn larvae (NBL), and ES antigens of ML. Transcription and expression of TsNd gene was observed in all developmental stages of T. spiralis (ML, IIL, AW and NBL), with high level expression in IIL. An immunolocalization analysis identified TsNd in the cuticle, stichocytes and reproductive organs of the parasite. Following immunization, anti-rTsNd IgG levels were increased, and the levels of IgG1 were more significantly higher than that of IgG2a. After a challenge infection with T. spiralis, mice immunized with the rTsNd displayed a 57.7% reduction in adult worms and a 56.9% reduction in muscle larval burden. Conclusions: TsNd induced a partial protective immunity in mice and could be considered as a novel candidate vaccine antigen against trichinellosis

Utjecaj prekurzora na hlapljive sastojke vina dobivenog fermentacijom soka papaje pomoću mješovite kulture kvasaca

The impact of the addition of fusel oil or amino acids on the volatile compounds in papaya wine fermented with a mixed culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. bayanus R2 and Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii NCYC 2251 at a ratio of 1:1000 was studied. Fusel oil addition increased the fraction of alcohols and promoted the production of isoamyl octanoate, isoamyl decanoate and isobutyl decanoate, while decreased the fraction of ethyl acetate and 2-phenylethyl acetate. The addition of amino acids enhanced the formation of total volatile fatty acids, 2-phenylethanol and some ethyl esters. The papaya wine with added amino acids possessed more acidic and buttery notes than the control, while that with added fusel oil had an overall aroma profile comparable to that of the control. This study suggests that papaya juice fermentation with mixed yeasts in conjunction with the added fusel oil or selected amino acids may be another method of modulating the flavour of papaya wine.U ovom je radu ispitan utjecaj dodatka patočnog ulja ili aminokiselina na hlapljive sastojke vina dobivenog fermentacijom soka papaje pomoću mješovite kulture kvasaca Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. bayanus R2 i Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii NCYC 2251 u omjeru 1:1000. Dodatkom patočnog ulja povećan je udjel alkohola, te je poboljšana proizvodnja izoamilnog oktanoata, izoamilnog dekanoata i izobutilnog dekanoata, dok je smanjen udjel etilnog acetata i 2-feniletilnog acetata. Nastanak hlapljivih masnih kiselina, 2-feniletanola i nekih etilnih estera pospješen je dodatkom aminokiselina. U usporedbi s kontrolnim uzorkom, vino proizvedeno fermentacijom papaje uz dodatak aminokiselina imalo je izraženiju kiselu i putrastu notu, dok se aroma vina kojem je dodano patočno ulje nije razlikovala. Ovo je istraživanje pokazalo da se fermentacijom soka papaje pomoću mješovite kulture kvasaca uz dodatak patočnog ulja ili odabranih aminokiselina može promijeniti aroma vina