Game as an Interactive form of Teaching at the Lessons of the Russian Language as a Foreign (From Teaching Experience)

This study discusses the features of teaching Russian as a foreign language, namely the use of the game as an interactive form in teaching Russian as a foreign language, provides an example of methodological development, and draws conclusions about the positive aspects of introducing the game into the traditional educational process.В данном исследовании рассматриваются особенности преподавания русского языка как иностранного, а именно использование игры как интерактивной формы в обучении русскому языку как иностранному, приводится пример методической разработки, делается вывод о положительных моментах внедрения игры в традиционный образовательный процесс

Group additivity approach for determination of solvation enthalpies of aromatic compounds in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate based on solution calorimetry data

© 2017 Elsevier B.V.In this work thermochemistry of solvation of mono-, di-, tri- and tetra-substituted benzenes in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]) ionic liquid was studied. Enthalpies of solution at infinite dilution of 34 substituted benzenes in [BMIM][BF4] were measured at 298.15 K using solution calorimetry technique. Based on the experimental and literature data enthalpies of solvation of 36 substituted benzenes in [BMIM][BF4] were calculated. It was shown that enthalpies of solvation of substituted benzenes in [BMIM][BF4] are independent on the mutual position of subtituents and dipole moment of molecules. Group contribution scheme for prediction of enthalpies of solvation of substituted benzenes was applied. Values of methyl- (CH3), tert-butyl- (tert-C4H9), bromo- (Br), iodo- (I), amino- (NH2), methoxy- (OCH3), dimethylamino- (N(CH3)2), methylcarboxylate- (COOCH3) group contributions to the enthalpies of solvation in [BMIM][BF4] were derived and compared with molecular solvents. Solvation enthalpies of substituted benzenes in [BMIM][BF4] calculated through group contribution scheme were in good agreement with experimental data

Effect of Anchimeric Assistance in Addition Reaction of Bifunctional Tertiary Phosphines to Electron-Deficient Alkenes

© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Bifunctional tertiary phosphines with hydrogen-bonding functionalities have recently received a considerable amount of attention due to their efficient application in organocatalysis. To estimate the potential role of the carboxyl group in specific interactions with reaction intermediates, the kinetics of the reactions of 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid (2-DPPBA) and 4-(diphenylphosphino)benzoic acid (4-DPPBA) with acrylic acid and acrylonitrile was studied in different solvents, and the data were compared with the results obtained previously for the related reactions of triphenylphosphine. The solvent effect on the reaction kinetics was found to be identical to all of the phosphines, suggesting that H bonding with the solvent has no specific influence on the rate for bifunctional tertiary phosphines. Despite of the electron-withdrawing effect of the carboxyl group, the rate of reaction of 2-DPPBA with acrylic acid is 1.4-2.1 times larger than that of triphenylphosphine, implying participation of the neighboring CO2H group of the phosphine in stabilization of the intermediate zwitterion by intramolecular H bonding with the carbonyl oxygen atom of the acrylic acid as a proton acceptor center. The results show that this trend of reactivity was not applicable when acrylonitrile was used as an electrophilic partner since the 2-DPPBA was less reactive than triphenylphosphine. The presence of sp-hybridized atoms of the nitrile group makes intramolecular H bonding with the nitrogen atom of the generated zwitterion strongly disfavored, but leaves the possibility for the H bonding with π electrons of the CN group. Similar effects of anchimeric assistance were not observed for the 4-DPPBA due to disability of the carboxyl group in the para position to participate in any intramolecular H bonding with the reaction intermediates

Enthalpies of solution and enthalpies of solvation of chloro- and nitro-substituted benzenes in 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium based ionic liquids at 298.15 K: Additivity of group contributions

© 2016 Elsevier B.V.In this work thermochemistry of solution and solvation of mono- and di-substituted chloro- and nitro-benzenes in 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([BMIM][TfO]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMIM][NTf2]) ionic liquids was studied. Enthalpies of solution at infinite dilution of benzene, chlorobenzene, nitrobenzene, 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-dichlorobenzenes, 1,2-, 1,3-, 1,4-dinitrobenzenes, 1-chloro-2-nitrobenzene, 1-chloro-3-nitrobenzene, and 1-chloro-4-nitrobenzene in three ionic liquids were measured at 298.15 K. On the basis of experimental data enthalpies of solvation of substituted benzenes in ionic solvents were calculated. Values of Cl and NO2 group contributions to the enthalpies of solvation were derived and compared with molecular solvents. Enthalpies of solvation of each series of dichlorobenzenes, chloronitrobenzenes and dinitrobenzenes in studied ionic liquids are equal and do not depend on the mutual position of substituents. This fact shows that dipole moment does not affect the enthalpy of solvation of organic solutes in ionic liquids. Enthalpies of solvation of disubstituted benzenes in ionic liquids calculated through group contribution approach were in good agreement with experimental data

β-Keto phosphonic esters Communication 12. Structures of the products of the reaction of some α-halo ketones of the aromatic series with triethyl phosphite and with sodium diethyl phosphite

1. According to chemical and spectroscopic data the product of the reaction of 2-bromoacetophenone with sodium diethyl phosphite is a difficultly separable mixture of esters of similar structure, namely diethyl 1-phenylvinyl phosphate and diethyl 1,2-epoxy-1-phenylethylphosphonate. 2. The product of the action of 2-bromopropiophenone on sodium diethyl phosphite is diethyl 1,2-epoxylphenylpropylphosphonate. 3. The reaction of 2-bromopropiophenone with triethyl phosphite gave diethyl 1-methylphenacylphosphonate and diethyl 1-phenylpropenyl phosphate. 4. The reactions of 2-bromo-2-methylpropiophenone, in which the bromine is on a tertiary carbon atom, with triethyl phosphite and with sodium diethyl phosphite take the same direction with formation of diethyl 2-methyl-1-propenyl phosphate. © 1964 Consultants Bureau

Solvent effect on kinetics and mechanism of the phospha-michael reaction of tertiary phosphines with unsaturated carboxylic acids

In aprotic solvents, kinetics of the reaction of triphenylphosphine with acrylic acid is second order in the acid and first order in the phosphine. To find the most suitable model to describe the solvent effect on this reaction, the third-order rate constants in a series of 16 aprotic solvents were analyzed using one- and multiparameter regressions within the framework of the Kamlet-Taft, the Catalán, the Gutmann-Mayer, and the Koppel-Palm equations. The best result gives a two-parameter model constructed on the basis of the Reichardt polarity ET and the basicity B from the Koppel-Palm equation, with the weak positive effect of the ET parameter on the reaction rate and very strong negative effect of the B parameter. The results obtained give further evidence to the previously suggested a stepwise mechanism, which involves the initial formation of a zwitterionic intermediate, followed by the proton transfer from the second molecule of acrylic acid to the generated carbanionic center in the rate-determining step. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

The main participants of innovation climate development (on the example of the Russian federation)

The article describes the main participants of innovation activity and innovation infrastructure, which includes such important categories as subject and object of innovation activity and the most important elements of innovation infrastructure. We attempted to display illustratively the basic economic relations that can be between the subjects of innovation activity, at the same time as the main participants are considered government, business and households. As binders subjects are allocated venture funds, technology parks, and business incubators. The state of innovation climate in the Russian regions can not be considered as favorable, because the order of interaction between government, universities (science), and business prevents it

Dialkyl hydrogen phosphites and dialkyl phosphorochloridites derived from chlorine-substituted alcohols

1. A study of the IR spectra of bis(2,2,2-trichloro-1,1-dimethylethyl) hydrogen phosphite and of bis[2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl)ethyl] hydrogen phosphite indicates that these substances contain quinquvalent phosphorus. 2. 2,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-dimethylethyl dihydrogen phosphite was synthesized, and its IR spectrum was determined. 3. Bis[2,2,2-trichloro-1-(trichloromethyl)ethyl] phosphorochloridite and bis[2,2-dichloro-1-(dichlo-romethyl) ethyl] phosphorochloridite were synthesized by the action of phosphorus trichloride on 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexachloro-2-propanol and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-2-propanol, respectively. © 1967 Consultants Bureau

Synthesis and properties of spherical catalysts TiO2-SiO2/МхOy (M = Co and Cr)

Layered spherical materials were obtained, the inner layer of which is represented by oxides of cobalt or chromium, and external oxides of titanium and silicon. D-metals were fixed on the surface of the polymer substrate through sorption from aqueous solutions of the corresponding salts. The outer layer of the oxide titanium-silicon matrix was obtained by the sol-gel method. Aggregative stability of sols was controlled by viscosimetry. The influence of the components on the stability of sol solutions has been established. The time interval for the stability of sols is in the range of 400-1000 h. The laminated structure, material characteristics are studied using 3D-microtomography. The catalytic activity of the obtained TiO2-SiO2/Cr2O3 and TiO2-SiO2/Co3O4 samples was compared to the n-heptane oxidation reaction. The maximum heptane conversion for the TiO2-SiO2/Co3O4 sample is 80 % at a temperature of 600 °C, for the TiO2-SiO2/Cr2O3 sample, the conversion of n-heptane reaches 100 % at 400 °C

β-Keto phosphonic esters - Communication 11. Action of diazomethane on diethyl acetyl- and benzoylphosphonates

1. By the reaction of diazomethane with diethyl acetylphosphonate diethyl 1,2-epoxy-1-methylethylphosphonate and a little diethyl acetonylphosphonate were obtained. 2. Diethyl 1,2-epoxy-1-methylethylphosphonate was obtained also by the oxidation of diethyl isopropenyl-phosphonate with peroxyacetic acid. 3. By the reaction of diazomethane with diethyl benzoylphosphonate diethyl phenacylphosphonate was obtained. 4. The addition of phosphorus pentachloride to α-ethoxystyrene gave β-ethoxystyrylphosphonic dichloride, which was converted into diethyl β-ethoxystyrylphosphonate. Hydrolysis of the latter gave diethyl phenacylphosphonate. © 1964 Consultants Bureau Enterprises, Inc