Public diplomacy of Japan in Central Asia: the examples of Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan

This study focuses on the role of public diplomacy in shaping and implementing Japan’s foreign policy in Central Asia. Based on elements of cultural empathy, Japan creates an attractive image in Central Asia through the active use of public diplomacy resources and official development assistance. The central issue is that Japan uses public diplomacy in Central Asia more actively than is officially indicated. The dynamics of the development of foreign policy relations between Japan and Central Asia (CA) is examined by analyzing the examples of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, focusing on common areas of cooperation and manifestations of public diplomacy in the two countries. Qualitative research methods are used in work, including analysis of the content of documents and interviews. Both in the documents and responses in the interviews, in line with a constructivist approach to international relations, evidence was sought on how Japan identifies and promotes itself with the CA region and the countries concerned, and on the use of public diplomacy as a social power tool respectively. It was concluded that Japan has several areas of interest in Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, including cooperation in the fields of education, economic development in the region, political reforms, and energy resources. Following Japan’s new initiative in 2015, the countries of Central Asia and Japan have established diplomatic ties and partnerships that continue to grow. Even though the analyzed documents seem to show that Japan’s interest in CA is low, the existence of implemented projects proves the opposite.publishersversionPeer reviewe

Two alphabets for one minority language as a threat to its existence (a case study of Lezgian)

The paper deals with the failed attempt of the Republic of Azerbaijan to introduce an additional Latin-based alphabet for the Lezgian language, which has been using the Cyrillic script since the late 30s of the 20th century to the present day. It provides a brief history of Lezgian script from ancient times to the present day, analyzes the current state and condition of Lezgian being spoken on the territory corresponding to its historical base – the Republic of Dagestan (Russia) and the Republic of Azerbaijan – and establishes its status as a minority and vulnerable language. With reference to the Latin-based alphabet of Lezgian which was in use from 1928 to 1938 and apparently has been offered as such in the Republic of Azerbaijan, linguistic disadvantages of the possible transition of Lezgian alphabet to the Latin script are revealed. The example of Lezgian suggests that an attempt by the state to provide a language which is recognized as a minority and, to some extent, even minorized language in it with an extra alphabet, as well as the lack of it at all, can be regarded as a real threat to the very existence of the language. The author concludes that despite the fact that there are a few other examples of biscriptalism represented by majority and official languages, to the development and existence of which the simultaneous use of another script in another country poses no threat, in case of Lezgian the biscriptalism could have a destructive impact on its development and cause social risks such as the loss of ethnic and cultural identity of Lezgian speakers, the division of the Lezgi people into two separate groups totally devoid of ethnic consciousness and their subsequent irreversible assimilation.&nbsp

Communicative Situation and Linguistic Composition of a Target text in Specialised Translation: Contextual and Conceptual Aspect

The article highlights the dependence of the degree to which the content of the source text is reproduced in translation on the peculiarities of the communicative situation and the translation strategy. The problem is topical due to the need to specify the strategies of specialized translation in the framework of the communicative-functional approach to translation. Three types of strategies as well as communicative situations in which translation is used are defined. The text of a register receipt and its translations is used for analysis. Special attention is paid to substantiation of the necessity to take into account the needs of the target text recipient and the translation goal in choosing a translation strategy and the means of its implementation. The authors argue that the content of a specialized text is reproduced in translation to the degree which is predetermined by the characteristics of the substantive activity of the target text end-user. It is also argued that the provisions of the so called text-oriented approach to translation have no validity for choosing a strategy of translating a specialized text. The research is innovative for the fact that it proves that there is no need to reproduce the content of a specialized text in full in some communicative situations. The notion of ergonomics of translation defined as convenience to use the target text by its recipient is novel

On the Importance of a Translator’s Strategic Competence in Performing a Need-focused Translation

Статья посвящена рассмотрению стратегической компетенции, которая в соответствии с коммуникативно-функциональным подходом к переводу понимается как совокупность умений переводчика по осуществлению переводческого анализа коммуникативной ситуации и текста и выбору наиболее подходящей стратегии перевода и методов ее реализации. Обосновывается важность принципа обучения студентов переводу как средству удовлетворения потребностей конкретных людей, применение которого подразумевает помещение переводческого акта в контекст определенной коммуникативной ситуации. Действенность этого принципа, нацеленного в том числе на развитие у студентов стратегической компетенции, подтверждается примером моделирования двух коммуникативных ситуаций, в которых в качестве объекта перевода выступает один и тот же текст и специфика которых обусловливает использование двух разных стратегий перевода — стратегии коммуникативно-равноценного перевода и стратегии переадресации.The paper deals with a strategic competence, viewed in accordance with the communicative-functional approach to translation as a set of translator’s skills, which consist in conducting a translation-oriented analysis of a given communicative situation and text and subsequently choosing the most appropriate translation strategy and methods of its implementation. It substantiates the importance of the principle of teaching students translation as a means of meeting the need of a certain person, the use of which implies the immersion of a translation activity in a certain communicative situation. The effectiveness of this principle, aimed, among other things, at developing students’ strategic competence, is exemplified by simulating two communicative situations in which one and the same source text is used and the peculiarity of which determines the use of two different translation strategies — the strategy of communicatively equivalent translation and the strategy of redirection

Long-chain alkyl esters of O,O-dialkyl dithiophosphoric and thionophosphoric acids prepared on the basis of red phosphorus, elemental sulfur, alcohols, and industrial fractions of higher monoolefins

Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. Mixtures of long chain S-alkyl O,O-dialkyl dithiophosphates, and O-alkyl O,O-dialkyl thionophosphates were obtained by the reaction of red phosphorus with elemental sulfur, alcohols, and industrial fractions of C16-C18 and C20-C26 of higher olefins in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts. The products obtained possess high anticorrosion activities toward mild steel

Phosphorylation and thiophosphorylation of oligomeric polyesterpolyols of boltorn H20, H30, AND H40

Dialkyl phosphate derivatives of Boltorn H20, H30, and H40 were prepared by the use of ultrasound irradiation in the substitution reactions of the polyesterpolyols with dialkyl chlorophosphates. Unsaturated polyacrylates were obtained by the reactions of Boltorn H20, H30, and H40 with acryloyl and methacryloyl chlorides. The reactions of these polyacrylate esters with O,O-dialkyl dithiophosphoric acids in the presence of Lewis acid catalysts have brought about the formation of the corresponding dithiophosphates. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Development of Ecological Effective Cleaning Method in Oil Industrial Wastewater (Iw) Mechanical Cleaning Plants

Due to the complex composition and dispersed systems of industrial wastewater generated in the oil refining industry, which have a colloidal solution, deep cleaning of these waters, up to 100% of oil product waste, is one of the main unresolved environmental problems. Due to the high content of MOPW in the IW obtained from ORI, the initial treatment of these waters is carried out by the method of mechanical precipitation due to the minimum of 1–2 g/l and the maximum concentration of 5– 10 g/l.Depending on the amount of 1000–2000 mg/l of MOPW included in these devices, the purification of IW is often carried out in the actual range of 250–500 mg/l.In the next stages, physicochemical, chemical, biological, etc. the methods are carried out only in accordance with the environmental standards of the remaining MOPW to a certain extent. Although some of this water is transported to the periodic water system after the final biological treatment of the IW of the industry, the MOPW mixture, which remains in the ecological norms due to the discharge of the rest into the water basins, has a negative environmental impact on the flora and fauna of the basin. The ecological problem of the destruction of ecosystems still persists

Application of whey protein hydrolysate as a technological additive in the sour cream production

In the context of economic sanctions, the problem of supplying food additives, including stabilizers and thickeners, which are important in the production of fermented milk products, remains relevant for many enterprises; the development of a fermented milk product – sour cream, using whey protein hydrolysate as a technological additive is relevant. The purpose of the research was to study the effect of whey protein hydrolysate on the technological process of manufacturing a fermented milk product, sour cream, and the quality indicators of the final product. The results of the acidity study showed that in the experimental samples, the ripening process occurred faster than in the control sample. Based on the results of the research, it can be concluded that whey protein hydrolysate can be used as a technological additive in the production of fermented milk products to improve quality indicators

Borylation of calix[4]resorcinols under ultrasonic irradiation

The use of ultrasonic irradiation in the reactions of trialkyl borates with octahydroxytetraoctyl[l 4] metacyclophane allowed us obtaining tetraalkoxyboratocavitands with higher yields and under milder conditions. We first obtained 1,3,2-dioxaborolane and 1,3,2-dioxaborinane derivatives of tetraoctyl[l 4]meta-cyclophane using ultrasonic irradiation. Boratocavitands were converted into the corresponding amine complexes with isobutylamine. © 2012 Pleiades Publishing, Ltd

Dithiophosphoric and dithiophosphonic acids and their derivatives on the basis of thymol: Synthesis and antimicrobial activity

Biologically active dithiophosphoric and dithiophosphonic acids, their ammonium salts as well as S-silyl and S-plumbyl derivatives were prepared by the reaction of thymol with tetraphosphorus decasulfide and 2,4-diaryl 1,3,2,4-dithiadiphosphetane-2,4-disulfides. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC