Analysis of determinants of palm oil exports in Indonesia

Palm oil is one of the leading export commodities for Indonesia. The high demand for world palm oil makes Indonesia one of the largest palm oil exporters in the world. During 2010-2018 the value of Indonesian palm oil exports fluctuated, therefore there is a need for research to analyze the factors that affect the export value of Indonesian palm oil. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the amount of palm oil production, area of oil palm plantations, world CPO prices and exchange rates on the export value of Indonesian palm oil in 2010-2018. The method in this research is quantitative with multiple linear regression analysis tools. The type of data obtained is secondary data of time series (time series). Based on the results of this study, it is known that partially the amount of palm oil production, oil palm plantation area, and world CPO prices have a positive effect on the export value of palm oil and the exchange rate has a negative effect on the export value of Indonesian palm oil in 2010-2018. Simultaneously the amount of palm oil production, the area of oil palm plantations, the world CPO price, and the exchange rate together have a significant effect on the value of Indonesian palm oil exports in 2010-2018

Analysis of determinants of coffee exports in Indonesia

Coffee is one of the plantation commodities that has an important role in economic activities in Indonesia. Coffee is also one of Indonesia's export commodities which is quite important as a foreign exchange earner in addition to the oil and gas sector. During 2005-2018 Indonesia's coffee exports always fluctuated every year. Therefore, there is a need for research on the factors that affect coffee exports. This study aims to analyze the effect of coffee production, plantation area and exchange rate on Indonesian coffee exports. The results show that: 1) During 2005-2018 the value of coffee exports increased by an average of 6% per year, Indonesian coffee production increased by an average of 1.2% annually, the area of coffee plantations decreased by an average of 0.1% annually and the price of the US Dollar increased by 3.1% annually; 2) Partially the variable of coffee production has a significant positive effect on coffee exports, the area of coffee plantations has a significant positive effect on coffee exports, and the exchange rate has a significant positive effect on coffee exports, while simultaneously the variables of the amount of production, the area of the plantation, and the exchange rate have an effect on coffee exports

Kontrol Kecepatan Motor DC Dengan Metode PID Menggunakan Visual Basic 6.0 Dan Mikrokontroler ATmega 16

Dalam penelitian ini telah diimplementasikan suatu sistem kontrol motor DC dengan kontroler PID menggunakan mikrokontroler ATmega16. Interface sistem kontrol ini menggunakan Visual Basic 6.0 sehingga memudahkan untuk pengembangan lebih lanjut. Proses identifikasi sistem dilakukan dengan menggunakan sinyal input Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) 10 bit dengan variasi sinyal acak sebanyak 1024 data. Dari hasil identifikasi diperoleh fungsi alih model system adalah  Selanjutnya dilakukan proses penentuan parameter PID dengan menggunakan metode root locus, yang hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa semua akar berada disebelah kiri bidang s. Sehingga respon yang didapat dari semua pole stabil. Hasil perhitungan parameter PID dengan pole s = -9.4 + j3.2 didapatkan nilai parameter PID terbaik yaitu KP=4.6805, KI=10 dan KD=0.1026.   Kata Kunci—identifikasi sistem, root locus, PID.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF BENZOTRIAZOLIUM-BASED IONIC LIQUIDS FOR TECHNETIUM-99M SEPARATION FROM MOLYBDENUM BY IL-MEDIATED EXTRACTION PROCESS

Various separation techniques for separation of technetium-99m (99mTc) from molybdenum-99 (99Mo) are being developed to overcome the drawbacks of using 99Mo from neutron activation technique. Ionic liquids (ILs) were used in many extraction processes in metal separation due to their high selectivity. In this research, two benzotriazolium-based ionic liquids were used as co-extractant in 99mTc/ Mo separation process via liquid-liquid extraction. 1-octyl-3-methyl-benzotriazolium iodide ([MeOcBtu]I) and 1-octyl-3-methyl-benzotriazolium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide ([MeOcBtu]TF2N) were successfully synthesized and analyzed by FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR. Extraction processes were conducted in various organic solvents, pH, and extraction time without/ with ionic liquids addition. The data of ratio between 99mTc distribution coefficient compared to Mo distribution coefficient showed that the addition of ionic liquids exhibited significant improvement of separation factor. The separation factor of extraction using conventional water immiscible solvent ranged between 0 – 8 and increased to 30 – 600 as ILs were added. The optimum conditions which achieved highest separation factor were pH 14 using [MeOcBtu]I-chloroform. Benzotriazolium-based ionic liquid potential to be developed as extractant in the separation of 99mTc from 99Mo. Keywords: Ionic liquids, benzotriazolium, technetium-99m, molybdenum, liquid-liquid extraction

The effect of entrepreneurial education on university student’s entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intention

The purpose of this study is to find out the impact of curriculum attendance (CA) and extracurricular activities (EA) on entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) and entrepreneurial intentions (EI) in Indonesian students. This research is elaborated using the quantitative method with SEM-PLS to find out the studied phenomena. Decision questionnaires from questionnaires that have been used in previous studies. The questionnaire was responded to by 733 students who had studied entrepreneurship education during COVID-19 pandemic. The results showed that the presence of the curriculum attendance and extracurricular activities had a positive impact on entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial intentions. Extracurricular activities and entrepreneurial self-efficacy have a positive impact on entrepreneurial intentions. However, the presence of the curriculum has no impact on entrepreneurial intentions. This is the first step for universities and students to realize that the presence of the curriculum needs to be reconstructed in order to have an impact on entrepreneurial intentions

Kajian Narrative terhadap Profil Farmakokinetik Antibiotik pada Pasien Kritis: Implikasi terhadap Ketercapaian Target Farmakokinetik-Farmakodinamik

ABSTRACTThe severity of diseases, the complexity of treatment, and the use of medical devices in the intensive care unit (ICU) may change the pharmacokinetics (PK) profile of antibiotics among critically ill patients.This narrative review aims to explain the PK profile of critically ill patients compared to other group of patients and to describe the pharmacokinetic-pharmacidynamic (PK-PD) target attainment among this group of patients. Only articles published less than 10 years ago were included in this narrative review. Evidences have indicated that critically ill patients have relatively larger volume distribution (Vd) of hydrophilic antibiotics compared to patients with stable conditions. The fluid shifting to interstitial space, hypoalbuminemia, and aggressive fluid treatment may contribute to the increase value of Vd in critically ill patients. The clearance (CL) of hydrophilic antibiotics in critically ill patients is highly determined by dynamic changing of renal function compared to patients in other wards. The phenomenon of augmented renal clearance and the use of high intensity of renal replacement therapy can increase the CL of hydrophilic antibiotics. The different PK profile of antibiotics may lead to the failure of attaining the PK-PD target if the dose of antibiotics is not adjusted according to such differences.ABSTRAKTingkat keparahan penyakit yang relatif tinggi dibandingkan pasien di bangsal rawat lain dan penggunaan terapi serta alat medis yang relatif lebih kompleks di ruang intensive care unit (ICU) dapat berdampak pada perubahan profil farmakokinetik (PK) antibiotik pada pasien kritis. Tujuan utama kajian naratif ini adalah untuk memaparkan profil PK dan ketercapaian target farmakokinetik-farmakodinamik (PK-PD) pasien kritis di ICU. Hanya artikel yang diterbitkan dalam kurun waktu 10 tahun terakhir yang digunakan dalam kajian naratif ini. Bukti penelitian menunjukkan bahwa volume distribusi (Vd) antibiotik hidrofilik pada pasien kritis lebih besar dibandingkan dengan pasien yang relatif lebih stabil atau subyek sehat. Perpindahan cairan intravaskuler ke daerah interstitial, hipoalbuminemia, dan terapi cairan khususnya yang diberikan secara agresif merupakan faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap peningkatan Vd pada pasien kritis. Clearance (CL) antibiotik hidrofilik pada pasien kritis ditentukan oleh perubahan fungsi ginjal yang relatif lebih dinamis dibandingkan dengan pasien di ruang rawat inap lain. Fenomena augmented renal clearance yang umum dijumpai pada pasien kritis dan penggunaan renal replacement therapy dengan intensitas yang tinggi dapat meningkatkan CL antibiotik hidrofilik. Perbedaan profil PK tersebut berpotensi menyebabkan kegagalan untuk mencapai target PK-PD apabila tidak dilakukan penyesuaian dosis antibiotik pada pasien kritis. Identifikasi profil PK perlu diupayakan sebagai langkah awal untuk mengoptimalkan pemberian antibiotik pada kelompok pasien kritis

Narrative Study on Pharmacokinetics of Antibiotics among Critically Ill Patients: the Implication on the Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics Target Attainment

The severity of diseases, the complexity of treatment, and the use of medical devices in the intensive care unit (ICU) may change the pharmacokinetics (PK) profile of antibiotics among critically ill patients. This narrative review aims to explain the PK profile of critically ill patients compared to other group of patients and to describe the pharmacokinetic-pharmacidynamic (PK-PD) target attainment among this group of patients. Only articles published less than 10 years ago were included in this narrative review. Evidences have indicated that critically ill patients have relatively larger volume distribution (Vd) of hydrophilic antibiotics compared to patients with stable conditions. The fluid shifting to interstitial space, hypoalbuminemia, and aggressive fluid treatment may contribute to the increase value of Vd in critically ill patients. The clearance (CL) of hydrophilic antibiotics in critically ill patients is highly determined by dynamic changing of renal function compared to patients in other wards. The phenomenon of augmented renal clearance and the use of high intensity of renal replacement therapy can increase the CL of hydrophilic antibiotics. The different PK profile of antibiotics may lead to the failure of attaining the PK-PD target if the dose of antibiotics is not adjusted according to such difference

Kontrol Kecepatan Motor DC Dengan Metode PID Menggunakan Visual Basic 6.0 Dan Mikrokontroler ATmega 16

Dalam penelitian ini telah diimplementasikan suatu sistem kontrol motor DC dengan kontroler PID menggunakan mikrokontroler ATmega16. Interface sistem kontrol ini menggunakan Visual Basic 6.0 sehingga memudahkan untuk pengembangan lebih lanjut. Proses identifikasi sistem dilakukan dengan menggunakan sinyal input Pseudo Random Binary Sequence (PRBS) 10 bit dengan variasi sinyal acak sebanyak 1024 data. Dari hasil identifikasi diperoleh fungsi alih model system adalah  Selanjutnya dilakukan proses penentuan parameter PID dengan menggunakan metode root locus, yang hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa semua akar berada disebelah kiri bidang s. Sehingga respon yang didapat dari semua pole stabil. Hasil perhitungan parameter PID dengan pole s = -9.4 + j3.2 didapatkan nilai parameter PID terbaik yaitu KP=4.6805, KI=10 dan KD=0.1026.   Kata Kunci—identifikasi sistem, root locus, PID.Â

Population Pharmacokinetics and Dosing Simulations of Ampicillin and Sulbactam in Hospitalised Adult Patients

Background The pharmacokinetic variability of ampicillin-sulbactam in adults has not been extensively described, particularly in patients with a reduced renal function (i.e., < 60 mL/min). Objective This study investigated the population pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and sulbactam in patients with a wide range of renal functions and sought to defne dosing approaches that have a high likelihood for optimising drug exposure. Methods Serial blood samples were collected from 16 adult patients receiving intravenous ampicillin-sulbactam in general wards. Total ampicillin and sulbactam concentrations were measured by chromatographic assay and pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using Pmetrics®. Monte Carlo simulations were used to evaluate the probability of target attainment(PTA) of free ampicillin and sulbactam concentrations exceeding the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 60% and 100% of the dosing interval. Fractional target attainment (FTA) was calculated against MIC distributions of common hospital pathogens. A threshold of ≥ 90% and ≥ 95% was used to defne both optimal PTA and FTA, respectively. Results The median (range) age, weight, and serum creatinine of the study population was 68 (40–82) years, 62 (40–82) kg, and 1.4 (0.6–6.4) mg/dL, respectively. The pharmacokinetics of ampicillin and sulbactam were best described by a twocompartment model with serum creatinine most closely associated with clearance for both drugs. The estimated ampicillin and sulbactam clearances were 5.58 L/h and 4.79 L/h, respectively, while the volumes of distribution were 12.6 L and 15.36 L, respectively. Approved dosing regimens of ampicillin-sulbactam were sufcient against MICs ≤ 8 and ≤ 4 mg/L, respectively. A 4-h infusion enabled optimal PTA at higher MICs. For both dosing targets, optimal FTAs were obtained against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Conclusion Optimal FTAs were obtained against the susceptible MIC distributions of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii. Applying a 4-h infusion will enhance PTA and FTA, particularly at higher MICs