Legibility of Textbooks: A Literature Review

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to analyse findings in the field of the textbooks’ legibility, readability and visual word recognition. The paper focuses on the most significant findings for comprehending the texts’ spatial characteristics during reading, word and letter recognition. The aim of the study was to analyse the factors which have induced inconsistencies between the findings acquired by scientists, as well as to compare findings which continually lead to progression in this field

Complex research on the interaction of glass with space debris

This paper discusses the interactions of barriers with a spherical impactor and the character of possible deformation and fragmentation of barriers and impactors. The destruction of glass is considered as a process of destruction of fragile material without a part of plastic deformation characteristic of the deformation metals. To calculate the elastic-plastic flow a technique was used which was implemented on the tetrahedral cells and based on the combined use of the Wilkins method for calculating the interior points of the body and the Johnson method for calculating contact interactions. Methods for accelerating the flow of fine particles and the individual spherical particles have been developed. A series of experiments for usual glass and glass with coatings has been carried out

Inffluence of ion beam implantation on the corrosion properties of stainless steel

A modified surface layers with high resistance were successfully prepared on corrosion stainless steel by Ion Beam Implantation (IBI). These layers contain oxides of chromium, aluminum, iron, and boron. It was revealed that the implantation of oxygen and aluminum with boron has a positive effect to the characteristic of the formed layers. In order to confirm this phenomenon, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were carried out to investigate the morphology and composition of this layer after ion implantation process. The corrosion behavior of the implanted stainless steel was investigated in NaCl solution by electrochemical system and long-term salt spray (NSS) tests. The modified surface layer has been demonstrated to improve the corrosion resistance of stainless steels, even in the long standing corrosion influence. Finally, the corrosion of the stainless steel with implantation was discussed

Microstructure and properties of nanocomposite Al-Si-N system coatings produced by magnetron sputtering

The paper presents the results of investigations of the structural and phase conditions, mechanical and optical properties of Al-Si-N system coating obtained by magnetron sputtering. The thickness of this coating ranges from 3 to 19 µm and is sprayed on silica glass using magnetron sputtering technique. The formation of nanoscale AlN single phase with HCP crystal system and the crystal grain size of up to 20 nm is discovered using the X-ray diffraction method. The texture of [002] orientation is observed in the structure of Al-Si-N-based coatings. These coatings are characterized by high values of microhardness and coefficient of restitution. The transmission spectrum of the coatings are produced within the range of 190-1100 nm. Al-Si-N-based coatings are characterized by a high degree of transparency (≈ 80%) within the visible light spectrum and complete opaqueness in the ultraviolet region. The refractive index and the thickness of Al-Si-N system coating are determined using the transmission spectrum and refractive index. The refractive index of Al-Si-N-coated glass samples is determined using the transmission spectrum the value of which increases with the increase in the coating thickness

Structure and optical-mechanical properties of the Zr-Y-O coatings deposited by pulse magnetron sputtering on optical glass

The results of the research of the phase composition and the mechanical properties of the coatings on the basis of the Zr-Y-O system produced by pulsed magnetron sputtering on the K208 glass substrates are presented in this paper. By the X-ray diffraction method it has been discovered that there is the ZrO2 phase in two modifications in the coatings. The deposition of the Zr-Y-O coating system allows not only to increasing the microhardness of the surface layer of the K208 glass up to ~19 GPa, but also maintain a high level of the elastic properties (We> 0.70). The laboratory tests have been carried out on the impact of the high-speed flows of iron microparticles on the Zr-Y-O protective coating produced by pulsed magnetron sputtering. When a high-speed flow of iron microparticles impact the samples with the Zr-Y-O coatings the surface density of the craters decreases ~ 7 times compared with initial state