The Who, What, Where, and How of Foreign Languages: A Study of Foreign Language Curricula At Four-Year Colleges In Mississippi

This paper studies the eight four-year public universities within the state of Mississippi and their French and Spanish foreign language curriculums in order to compare their curriculums to those of The American Council for the Teaching of Foreign Languages’ standards of the Five C’s: communication, communities, culture, connections, and comparisons. The results are broken down into three sections by each college’s overall rankings, each college’s individual course offerings, and culture offerings. The data provides interesting results that shows that while a university may offer more or less foreign language courses, their curriculum did not necessarily reflect the standards that ACTFL describes as good standards for learning a foreign language

A cross-sectional assessment of population demographics, HIV risks and human rights contexts among men who have sex with men in Lesotho

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Evidence is increasing of high HIV risks among southern African men who have sex with men (MSM). This represents the first study of HIV risks and human rights contexts among MSM in Lesotho.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Two hundred and fifty-two men who reported ever having anal sex with another man were accrued with snowball sampling and were administered a structured quantitative instrument in October and November 2009.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of the participants, 96.4% (240/249) were ethnic Basotho with a mean age of 26.3 years (range 18-56), 49.6% (124/250) were currently employed, and 95.2% (238/250) had at least a secondary-level education. Self-reported HIV prevalence was 11.6% (22/190); 54.5% (128/235) reported being tested for HIV in the last year. HIV knowledge was low; only 3.7% (8/212) of MSM knew that receptive anal intercourse was the highest risk for HIV and that a water-based lubricant was most appropriate to use with condoms.</p> <p>Bivariate associations of wearing condoms during last intercourse with men include: having easy access to condoms (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.2-8.5, p < 0.05); being older than 26 years (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3-4.2, p < 0.01); knowing that receptive anal intercourse is higher risk than insertive anal intercourse (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.2-5.9, p < 0.05); wearing condoms with female sexual partners (OR 3.5, 95% 1.4-8.3, p < 0.01); using water-based lubricants (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.4-5.5, p < 0.01); being less likely to report having been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infecton (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.06-0.76, p < 0.05); and being more likely to have been tested for HIV in the last year (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.6, p > 0.05).</p> <p>Human rights abuses were common: 76.2% (170/223) reported at least one abuse, including rape (9.8%, 22/225), blackmail (21.3%, 47/221), fear of seeking healthcare (22.2%, 49/221), police discrimination (16.4%, 36/219), verbal or physical harassment (59.8%, 140/234), or having been beaten (18.9%, 43/228).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>MSM in Lesotho are at high risk for HIV infection and human rights abuses. Evidence-based and rights-affirming HIV prevention programmes supporting the needs of MSM should be developed and implemented.</p

Revisión teórica; familia y componentes de crianza

2 p.This article aims to analyze the determinants of the process of raising infants, considering the attitudes, patterns and parenting styles, used by parents or guardians of minors, to identify appropriate parenting practices. A descriptive review was conducted addressing diverse backgrounds that reflect the theoretical development of the rearing process, from different conceptual referents. The review consists of 61 articles, finding references dating from 1966 to 2015, using the bases Redalyc, Scielo, BVS, Dialnet and Pubmed among other data. In conclusion Democratic model of Baumrind is the most effective because children educated under this model are more adaptive, functional and have prosocial behavior. It is recommended to expand research on this model considering biological factors, family environment and the socio-cultural context, to promote good parenting practices.El presente artículo tiene como objetivo analizar los determinantes del proceso de crianza de los infantes, considerando las actitudes, pautas y estilos de crianza, utilizadas por los padres o tutores de los menores, para identificar las prácticas parentales adecuadas. Se realizó una revisión descriptiva abordando diversos antecedentes que dan cuenta del desarrollo teórico del proceso de crianza y su evolución en la historia hasta la actualidad, desde diferentes referentes conceptuales. La revisión consta de 61 artículos, encontrando referencias que datan desde 1966 al 2015, utilizando las bases de datos Redalyc, Scielo, BVS, Dialnet y Pubmed entre otras. En conclusión el modelo de Democrático de Baumrind resulta ser el más efectivo puesto que los niños educados bajo este modelo son más adaptivos, funcionales y presentan conductas prosociales. Se recomienda ampliar la investigación en este modelo considerando los factores biológicos, el entorno familiar y el contexto sociocultural, para promover las prácticas parentales adecuadas.PregradoPsicólog

Major Reduction in Anti-Malarial Drug Consumption in Senegal after Nation-Wide Introduction of Malaria Rapid Diagnostic Tests

BACKGROUND: While WHO recently recommended universal parasitological confirmation of suspected malaria prior to treatment, debate has continued as to whether wide-scale use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) can achieve this goal. Adherence of health service personnel to RDT results has been poor in some settings, with little impact on anti-malarial drug consumption. The Senegal national malaria control programme introduced universal parasite-based diagnosis using malaria RDTs from late 2007 in all public health facilities. This paper assesses the impact of this programme on anti-malarial drug consumption and disease reporting. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Nationally-collated programme data from 2007 to 2009 including malaria diagnostic outcomes, prescription of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) and consumption of RDTs in public health facilities, were reviewed and compared. Against a marked seasonal variation in all-cause out-patient visits, non-malarial fever and confirmed malaria, parasite-based diagnosis increased nationally from 3.9% of reported malaria-like febrile illness to 86.0% over a 3 year period. The prescription of ACT dropped throughout this period from 72.9% of malaria-like febrile illness to 31.5%, reaching close equivalence to confirmed malaria (29.9% of 584,873 suspect fever cases). An estimated 516,576 courses of inappropriate ACT prescription were averted. CONCLUSIONS: The data indicate high adherence of anti-malarial prescribing practice to RDT results after an initial run-in period. The large reduction in ACT consumption enabled by the move from symptom-based to parasite-based diagnosis demonstrates that effective roll-out and use of malaria RDTs is achievable on a national scale through well planned and structured implementation. While more detailed information on management of parasite-negative cases is required at point of care level to assess overall cost-benefits to the health sector, considerable cost-savings were achieved in ACT procurement. Programmes need to be allowed flexibility in management of these funds to address increases in other programmatic costs that may accrue from improved diagnosis of febrile disease