Budgetreformen [budgeting reforms]

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Saisonale Waermespeicherung mit vertikalen Erdsonden im Temperaturbereich von 40 bis 80 C

The project tasks were performance of laboratory and field tests in order to prove the feasibility of storage of thermal energy up to 80 C in underground storage ducts, and to derive the missing theoretical data and technical parameters for construction of suitable borehole heat stores. A measuring method was developed and tested and verified by laboratory and field tests that allows determination of the soil characteristics of interest, i.e. thermal conductivity and volumetric thermal capacity, by a simple process at the selected sites. These experiments showed that field data can differ considerably from laboratory data, so that laboratory measurements will not suffice to determine the suitability of a given site. A map of geologic formations suitable for the installation of borehole heat stores in the Land of Baden-Wuerttemberg was set up and evaluated, showing that the most favourable formations are low-permeability, water-saturated soils with a low ground-water gradient. Both planned sites investigated proved to be suitable in terms of geologic formation. Modelling experiments have shown that a solar heating system equipped with a well-dimensioned borehole heat store will be similarly favourable in performance as a system using a water heat store, but at slightly reduced cost. (orig./MM)Ziel des Vorhabens war, durch Labor- und Feldversuche nachzuweisen, dass Waermespeicherung im Erdboden bis 80 C moeglich ist und die noch fehlenden Grundlagen fuer die Planung von Erdsonden-Waermespeichern zu erarbeiten. Im Rahmen des Vorhabens wurde ein Messverfahren entwickelt und im Labor- und Freilandversuch validiert und erprobt, mit dem die thermischen Bodenkennwerte Waermeleitfaehigkeit und volumetrische Waermekapazitaet an geplanten Speicherstandorten durch einen einfachen Versuch ermittelt werden koennen. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass die im Feldversuch ermittelten Werte betraechtlich von den im Labor gemessenen abweichen koennen, so dass Laboruntersuchungen allein nicht ausreichen, um die Eignung eines Standortes zu beurteilen. Fuer Baden-Wuerttemberg wurden geeignete geologische Formationen fuer Erdsonden-Waermespeicher zusammengestellt und bewertet, guenstig sind gering durchlaessige und wassergesaettigte Boeden mit geringem Grundwassergefaelle. An beiden untersuchten Standorten wurden geeignete Formationen angetroffen. Simulationsrechnungen haben gezeigt, dass ein Solarsystem mit richtig dimensioniertem Erdsonden-Waermespeicher aehnlich guenstige Ergebnisse liefert wie mit einem Wasserspeicher, jedoch bei etwas geringeren Kosten. (orig./MM)SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F95B1288+a / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Forschung und Technologie (BMFT), Bonn (Germany)DEGerman

Chiral-Substituted Poly-N-vinylpyrrolidinones and Bimetallic Nanoclusters in Catalytic Asymmetric Oxidation Reactions

A new class of poly-N-vinylpyrrolidinones containing an asymmetric center at C5 of the pyrrolidinone ring were synthesized from l-amino acids. The polymers, particularly 17, were used to stabilize nanoclusters such as Pd/Au for the catalytic asymmetric oxidations of 1,3- and 1,2-cycloalkanediols and alkenes, and Cu/Au was used for C-H oxidation of cycloalkanes. It was found that the bulkier the C5 substituent in the pyrrolidinone ring, the greater the optical yields produced. Both oxidative kinetic resolution of (±)-1,3- and 1,2-trans-cycloalkanediols and desymmetrization of meso cis-diols took place with 0.15 mol % Pd/Au (3:1)-17 under oxygen atmosphere in water to give excellent chemical and optical yields of (S)-hydroxy ketones. Various alkenes were oxidized with 0.5 mol % Pd/Au (3:1)-17 under 30 psi of oxygen in water to give the dihydroxylated products in \u3e93% ee. Oxidation of (R)-limonene at 25 °C occurred at the C-1,2-cyclic alkene function yielding (1S,2R,4R)-dihydroxylimonene 49 in 92% yield. Importantly, cycloalkanes were oxidized with 1 mol % Cu/Au (3:1)-17 and 30% H2O2 in acetonitrile to afford chiral ketones in very good to excellent chemical and optical yields. Alkene function was not oxidized under the reaction conditions. Mechanisms were proposed for the oxidation reactions, and observed stereo- and regio-chemistry were summarized

Solar unterstuetzte Nahwaermeversorgung mit und ohne Langzeit-Waermespeicher (September 1994 bis Oktober 1998)

Within the framework of this project the first three pilot plants for solar-assisted short-distance heat supply with long-term heat storage systems were built and started operation in Friedrichshafen, Hamburg and Neckarsulm. With these plants it could be demonstrated that solar-assisted short-distance heat supply with long-term storage systems comes up to the mark and cuts down energy consumption and related emissions by more than 50 % compared to conventional systems and concepts of heat supply in new residential districts using fossile energy sources. The first years' operating results are within the range of expectations. A measuring concept was developed for the pilot plants which permits scientific measurements to be carried out on systems for solar-assisted short-distance heat supply with long-term heat storage. The measuring data are used to monitor the plants' thermodynamic performance and can help designing and verifying planning tools. With a view to the transfer of knowledge acquired by the research project and its propagation in practice, a BINE information package entitled 'Solar short-distance heat - a manual for practitioners' was compiled. The knowledge gained through this research project has essentially contributed to the further development of large solar heat supplies and long-term thermal energy storage techniques. (orig.)Im Rahmen dieses Forschungsvorhabens wurden unter anderem die ersten drei Pilotanlagen zur solar unterstuetzten Nahwaermeversorgung mit Langzeit-Waermespeicher in Friedrichshafen, Hamburg und Neckarsulm gebaut und in Betrieb genommen. Mit diesen Anlagen konnte demonstriert werden, dass eine solar unterstuetzte Nahwaermeversorgung mit Langzeit-Waermespeicher die in sie gesetzten Erwartungen erfuellt, und, im Vergleich zu einer konventionellen Bauweise und Waermeversorgung der Neubaugebiete, ueber 50% der sonst notwendigen fossilen Energien und der damit verbundenen Emissionen einspart. Die Betriebsergebnisse der ersten Jahre liegen im Rahmen der Erwartungen. Fuer die Pilotanlagen wurde ein Messkonzept entwickelt, mit dem solar unterstuetzte Nahwaermeanlagen mit Langzeit-Waermespeicher wissenschaftlich vermessen werden koennen. Anhand der Messdaten wurde und wird das thermodynamische Verhalten der Anlagen ueberwacht, ausserdem koennen mit ihrer Hilfe Planungswerkzeuge entwickelt und ueberprueft werden. Zum Transfer des durch das Forschungsvorhaben erarbeiteten Wissens und zu dessen Verbreitung in der Praxis wurde ein BINE-Informationspaket 'Solare Nahwaerme - ein Leitfaden fuer die Praxis' geschrieben. Das Forschungsvorhaben hat durch die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse massgeblich zur Weiterentwicklung von solaren Grossanlagen und von Techniken zur Langzeit-Waermespeicherung beigetragen. (orig.)SIGLEAvailable from TIB Hannover: F99B1050+a / FIZ - Fachinformationszzentrum Karlsruhe / TIB - Technische InformationsbibliothekBundesministerium fuer Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), Bonn (Germany)DEGerman

Chiral-Substituted Poly‑<i>N</i>‑vinylpyrrolidinones and Bimetallic Nanoclusters in Catalytic Asymmetric Oxidation Reactions

A new class of poly-<i>N</i>-vinylpyrrolidinones containing an asymmetric center at C5 of the pyrrolidinone ring were synthesized from l-amino acids. The polymers, particularly <b>17</b>, were used to stabilize nanoclusters such as Pd/Au for the catalytic asymmetric oxidations of 1,3- and 1,2-cycloalkanediols and alkenes, and Cu/Au was used for C–H oxidation of cycloalkanes. It was found that the bulkier the C5 substituent in the pyrrolidinone ring, the greater the optical yields produced. Both oxidative kinetic resolution of (±)-1,3- and 1,2-<i>trans</i>-cycloalkanediols and desymmetrization of meso <i>cis</i>-diols took place with 0.15 mol % Pd/Au (3:1)-<b>17</b> under oxygen atmosphere in water to give excellent chemical and optical yields of (<i>S</i>)-hydroxy ketones. Various alkenes were oxidized with 0.5 mol % Pd/Au (3:1)-<b>17</b> under 30 psi of oxygen in water to give the dihydroxylated products in >93% ee. Oxidation of (<i>R</i>)-limonene at 25 °C occurred at the C-1,2-cyclic alkene function yielding (1<i>S</i>,2<i>R</i>,4<i>R</i>)-dihydroxylimonene <b>49</b> in 92% yield. Importantly, cycloalkanes were oxidized with 1 mol % Cu/Au (3:1)-<b>17</b> and 30% H₂O₂ in acetonitrile to afford chiral ketones in very good to excellent chemical and optical yields. Alkene function was not oxidized under the reaction conditions. Mechanisms were proposed for the oxidation reactions, and observed stereo- and regio-chemistry were summarized