Comunione legale e partecipazioni societarie

Il regime giuridico delle partecipazioni sociali acquistate in regime di comunione legale dei beni costituisce uno dei più spinosi problemi che si presentano all’interprete in sede di ricostruzione della disciplina della comunione dei beni tra coniugi. Il silenzio del legislatore della riforma del diritto di famiglia – legge 19 maggio 1975 n. 151 - ha fatto sorgere questioni di non poco interesse in relazione alla caduta in comunione degli acquisti di partecipazioni sociali. L’analisi suddetta coinvolge un aspetto che costituisce il dato peculiare del tema in oggetto, vale a dire, l’applicabilità di normative differenti - disciplinanti gli istituti in esame – in un unico contesto, le cui possibili conseguenze risiedono in eventuali incompatibilità, deroghe e interferenze delle regole del diritto societario con il regime comunitario. Pertanto, la scelta tra le possibili relazioni tra partecipazioni societarie ed oggetto della comunione legale è resa incerta sia dal silenzio del legislatore che dalle molteplici qualificazioni astrattamente ascrivibili alle situazioni giuridiche soggettive, descritte con il termini “partecipazioni sociali”, e alle regole di appartenenza, sintetizzate dalla locuzione “comunione legale”. L’intensità dell’intreccio disciplinare impone operazioni ermeneutiche, che sciolgano le difficoltà e trovino un equilibrio tra previsioni normative diverse, secondo esiti di condivisibile certezza. Si tratta di un argomento che ha suscitato l’attenzione della dottrina e della giurisprudenza, testimoniato da una copiosa letteratura e da numerose pronunce giurisprudenziali, per cui l’ulteriore approfondimento deve essere inteso quale mezzo idoneo per individuare nel variegato panorama delle ipotesi ricostruttive, quella che sembra armonizzarsi con il sistema. L’intensificarsi degli interventi della Cassazione consente la ricostruzione degli elementi della fattispecie proposta e permette, altresì, di delineare, attraverso un corretto procedimento ermeneutico, una prospettiva pragmatica più accurata

A study on prophagic and chromosomal sodC genes involvement in Escherichia coli O157:H7 biofilm formation and biofilm resistance to H2O2

Introduction. Escherichia coli O157:H7 possesses one chromosomal and two prophagicsodC genes encoding for Cu,Zn superoxide dismutases. We evaluated the contribution ofsodC genes in biofilm formation and its resistance to hydrogen peroxide.Methods. The biofilm of sodC deletion mutants has been studied, in presence or absenceof hydrogen peroxide, by crystal violet in 96-well plates and Scanning Electron Microscopyon glass coverslips.Results. Deletion of prophagic sodC genes had no effect on biofilm construction, in contrastto the chromosomal gene deletion. Hydrogen peroxide treatment showed highercell mortality and morphological alterations in sodC deletion mutants respect to wildtype. These effects were related to the biofilm development stage.Conclusion. The role of the three SodCs is not redundant in biofilm formation and theresistance to oxidative damage. The stage of biofilm development is a crucial factor foran effective sanitization

First record of Zamenis lineatus (Camerano, 1891) (Serpentes Colubridae) in Ischia Island (Italy)

n/

Role of ZnuABC and ZinT in Escherichia coli O157:H7 zinc acquisition and interaction with epithelial cells

BACKGROUND: Zinc is an essential element for all living cells. Recent studies have shown that the ZnuABC zinc uptake system significantly contributes to the ability of several pathogens to multiply in the infected host and cause disease, suggesting that zinc is scarcely available within different tissues of the host. To better understand the role of zinc in bacterial pathogenicity, we have undertaken a functional characterization of the role of the ZnuABC-mediated zinc uptake pathway in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. RESULTS: In this work we have analyzed the expression and the role in metal uptake of ZnuA, the periplasmic component of the ZnuABC transporter, and of ZinT, another periplasmic protein which has been shown to contribute to zinc recruitment. We report that the expression of zinT and znuA, regulated by Zur, is induced in zinc-poor media, and that inactivation of either of the genes significantly decreases E. coli O157:H7 ability to grow in zinc depleted media. We also demonstrate that ZinT and ZnuA have not a redundant function in zinc homeostasis, as the role of ZinT is subordinated to the presence of ZnuA. Moreover, we have found that znuA and zinT are strongly induced in bacteria adhering to cultured epithelial cells and that lack of ZnuA affects the adhesion ability. In addition we have found that a fraction of apo-ZinT can be secreted outside the cell where the protein might sequester environmental zinc, inducing a condition of metal starvation in surrounding cells. CONCLUSIONS: The here reported results demonstrate that ZnuABC plays a critical role in zinc uptake also in E. coli O157:H7 and that ZinT contributes to the ZnuA-mediated recruitment of zinc in the periplasmic space. Full functionality of the zinc import apparatus is required to facilitate bacterial adhesion to epithelial cells, indicating that the microbial ability to compete with the host cells for zinc binding is critical to establish successful infections. The observation that ZinT can be secreted when it is in the apo-form suggests that its presence in the extracellular environment may somehow contribute to metal uptake or facilitate bacterial colonization of the intestinal epithelia

Regulatory and structural properties differentiating the chromosomal and the bacteriophage-associated Escherichia coli O157:H7 Cu, Zn Superoxide Dismutases

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Highly virulent enterohemorrhagic <it>Escherichia coli </it>O157:H7 strains possess three <it>sodC </it>genes encoding for periplasmic Cu, Zn superoxide dismutases: <it>sodC</it>, which is identical to the gene present in non-pathogenic <it>E. coli </it>strains, and <it>sodC</it>-F1 and <it>sodC</it>-F2, two nearly identical genes located within lambdoid prophage sequences. The significance of this apparent <it>sodC </it>redundancy in <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7 has not yet been investigated.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We report that strains deleted of one or more <it>sodC </it>genes are less resistant than the wild type strain to a challenge with hydrogen peroxide, thus confirming their involvement in the bacterial antioxidant apparatus. To understand if the different <it>sodC </it>genes have truly overlapping functions, we have carried out a comparison of the functional, structural and regulatory properties of the various <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7 SodC enzymes. We have found that the chromosomal and prophagic <it>sodC </it>genes are differentially regulated <it>in vitro</it>. <it>sodC </it>is exclusively expressed in aerobic cultures grown to the stationary phase. In contrast, <it>sodC</it>-F1 and <it>sodC</it>-F2 are expressed also in the logarithmic phase and in anaerobic cultures. Moreover, the abundance of SodC-F1/SodC-F2 increases with respect to that of SodC in bacteria recovered from infected Caco-2 cells, suggesting higher expression/stability of SodC-F1/SodC-F2 in intracellular environments. This observation correlates with the properties of the proteins. In fact, monomeric SodC and dimeric SodC-F1/SodC-F2 are characterized by sharp differences in catalytic activity, metal affinity, protease resistance and stability.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our data show that the chromosomal and bacteriophage-associated <it>E. coli </it>O157:H7 <it>sodC </it>genes have different regulatory properties and encode for proteins with distinct structural/functional features, suggesting that they likely play distinctive roles in bacterial protection from reactive oxygen species. In particular, dimeric SodC-F1 and SodC-F2 possess physico-chemical properties which make these enzymes more suitable than SodC to resist the harsh environmental conditions which are encountered by bacteria within the infected host.</p

Observations on different post-fire bio-engineering interventions and vegetation response in a Pinus canariensis C. Sm. forest

On the Canary Islands, during the 2007 (30 July - 2 August) wildfire, about 18.000 hectares of forest were destroyed. After the event, to avoid erosion, a series of mixed check dams (wooden elements and stones with a core filled with forest residues) were built in the gullies created by the surface runoff. This first study aims to investigate the different responses of vegetation and its recovery after fire, with three different types of structures. We analyzed the performance and evolution of the mixed check dams nine years after their construction and the post-fire response of vegetation with the different types of bio-engineering techniques applied. The effects of the mixed check dams are expressed in terms of plant density, frequency, and cover both in absolute and in relative terms and the same effects were compared with those of the rocks, check dams, wattle fences, and structure in the surrounding areas. Our observations show that fire adaptation in the Canary Islands vegetation (pyrophyte plants), coupled with selected bio-engineering techniques, facilitated resprouting, seeds germination and a quick restoration of the forest ecosystem. The study confirms that simple, nature-based and low cost bio-engineering measures, which use local materials and are consistent with traditional building experiences effectively contribute to site restoration

Forest Protection Unifies, Silviculture Divides: A Sociological Analysis of Local Stakeholders' Voices after Coppicing in the Marganai Forest (Sardinia, Italy)

Today, a forest is also understood as a real social actor with multiple-scale influences, capable of significantly conditioning the social, economic, and cultural system of a whole territory. The aim of this paper is to reconstruct and interpret the population's perception of the silvicultural activities related to traditional use of forest resources of the southwestern Sardinian Marganai State Forest. The "Marganai case" has brought to the attention of the mass media the role of this forest and its silviculture. The research was carried out via semi-structured interviews with the main stakeholders in the area. The qualitative approach in the collection and analysis of the information gathered has allowed us to reconstruct the historical-cultural and social cohesion function that the forest plays in rural communities. The results highlight that the main risks concern the erosion of the cultural forest heritage due to the abandonment of the rural dimension (mainly by the new generations, but not only), with the consequent spread of deep distortions in the perception, interpretation, and necessity of forestry activities and policy

A cascade of complications in a hospitalized frail older patient: is a better management possible?

Methods. Describing the complications that an older patient under- went during his hospital stay.Results. An 87-year-old man was admitted to the San Raffaele Hos- pital for a transient loss of consciousness (LOC). He was hospitalized for assessing the causes of the LOC. The LOC lasted 2 minutes, was associated with bilateral upper limb clonus and subsequent confu- sion. The patient was severely comorbid: he suffered from metabolic syndrome, chronic kidney failure, hemodynamically significant carotid atheromasia, anemia, and he had a dubious history of epilepsy. More- over, the patient was cognitively impaired and many episodes of LOC were reported in his medical history. During the hospital stay the patient developed many complications: a fall, nosocomial pneumonia, urinary retention and deconditioning.Conclusions. Global aging poses several challenges to society and public health systems. The traditional models of care are not suitable to face the complex needs of frail older people for whom standard deci- sional algorithms are seldom applicable. The context of hospitalization, though necessary, may be hazardous risky for the health of older peo- ple, especially the frailer ones

Dyspnea as a symptom of progressive chronic myeloproliferative disease: a rare case of hemorrhagic alveolitis and pulmonary fibrosis, due to extramedullary erythropoiesis

n/