Le théâtre amateur des Sorabes de Lusace

Le théâtre sorabe prend naissance lors de la dernière période de ce qu’on a appelé la Renaissance nationale, qui s’étend de l’Âge des Lumières au milieu du xixe siècle. La première représentation en public en langue sorabe eut lieu le 2 octobre 1862 à Bautzen. L’idée était venue du mouvement national tchèque. La première pièce écrite en sorabe, Na Hrodźišću (Dans le château fort) fut l’œuvre du poète Jakub Bart-Ćišinski en 1879. Dès la Première Guerre mondiale, le théâtre avait trouvé sa place dans la culture de la minorité slave. On recense 250 soirées théâtrales en 35 endroits différents entre 1900 et 1914. Durant la République de Weimar (1919-1932), les associations sorabes créèrent 30 troupes d’amateurs en Haute-Lusace. En 1937, il existait en tout 136 textes dramatiques en sorabe, dont au moins 45 étaient des traductions, surtout de l’allemand et du tchèque. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le nombre de troupes d’amateurs demeura restreint, car en 1948 fut créé à Bautzen un théâtre professionnel, depuis 1963 le Théâtre Germano-Sorabe.The Sorbian theatre has its origins in the final phase of the so-called national renaissance, which lasted from the Enlightenment to the middle of the 19th Century. The first Sorbian-language performance before an audience took place in Bautzen (Budyšin) on the 2nd October 1862, inspired by the Czech national movement. The first original Sorbian play, “Na Hrodźišću” (On the Castle Ramparts), was written by the poet, Jakub Bart- Ćišinski, in 1879. By the First World War, the theatre had already established its place in the culture of the Slav minority. Around 250 theatrical evenings in 35 different places are recorded between 1900 and 1914. During the Weimar Republic (1919-1932) Sorbian associations founded over 30 amateur theatres in Upper Lusatia. In 1937, existed in Sorbian 136 plays, of which at least 45 were translations – above all from German and Czech. After the Second World War the number of amateur groups remained consistently low, as a professional Sorbian (since 1963 German-Sorbian) playhouse opened in 1948 in Bautzen

Die Situation der Sorben in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart

Economic modernisation and structural changes, the dominance of German-speaking communication in almost all areas of life and declining demographic development have caused the bilingual region in Upper Lusatia (in the east of Saxony) and Lower Lusatia (in the south-east of Brandenburg) to shrink since 1990. At the turn of the millennium, there were hardly any more than 40,000 Upper and 20 000 Lower Sorbs (called ”Serbja” or ”Serby” in Sorb and also called “Wends” in German). Their ancestors, the ”Surbi” who were mentioned in 631 for the first time in the chronicle of Fredegar, once farmed a territory ten times greater (approximately 40,000 km2 between the Elbe and Saale Rivers in the west and the Oder, Bober and Queis Rivers in the east). At the end of the Great Invasions they made their way from their original home north of the Carpathian Mountains along the northern edge of the low mountain range or the Moravian gate to the Elbe and Saale Rivers. Since the Elbe River Slavs had not formed their own state, they were always integrated into the German community from the Holy Roman Empire to the Federal Republic of Germany. The Roman Catholic enclave north-west of the city of Bautzen that was able to stand out for a long time is now looked upon as the core Sorb area. In 1904, the Sorbs consecrated their ”Wendish House” in Bautzen and in 1912 they set up their umbrella organisation for their associations, the Domowina, in Hoyerswerda. When the Third Reich collapsed, most Sorbs felt they had been liberated. The German Democratic Republic considerably promoted the Sorb language and culture materially in the 40 years of its existence. The legal position of the Sorbs was exemplary in comparison to other countries. However, the Sorbs were not able to participate in important government decisions, just like all East Germans. All Sorb institutions created in the first 20 years after the end of the war continue to exist now and they are borne by the Foundation for the Sorb People since 1992, whose budget was formed on a pro rata basis by the federal government (3/6), Saxony (2/6) and Brandenburg (1/6). The Sorbs traditionally identify themselves strongly with their institutions concentrated in Bautzen and some in Cottbus since they do not have any governmental structures. A protocol note (number 14 on Article 35) in the reunification treaty of 1990 ensured that the Sorbs would be able to preserve their national identity, and it reinforced their freedom of language and culture. Saxony and Brandenburg guarantee the Sorbs or Wends key rights in their constitutions and in special ”Sorb laws” from the 90's. However, in the final analysis, it is up to the members of the Sorb national group to what extent they take advantage of the opportunities offered them for maintaining and developing their language and culture today and in the future.Wirtschaftliche Modernisierung und Strukturwandel, die Dominanz deutschsprachiger Kommunikation in fast allen Lebensbereichen und die rückläufige demographische Entwicklung bewirken seit 1990 ein Schrumpfen der zweisprachigen Region in der Oberlausitz (im Osten Sachsens) ebenso wie in der Niederlausitz (im Südosten Brandenburgs). Es sind zur Jahrtausendwende kaum mehr als 40 000 Ober- und 20 000 Niedersorben (auf Sorbisch ”Serbja” bzw. ”Serby”, auf Deutsch auch ”Wenden” genannt). Ihre Vorfahren – die 631 in der Chronik des Fredegar erstmals erwähnten ”Surbi” – haben einst ein zehnmal größeres Territorium (etwa 40 000 km2 zwischen Elbe und Saale im Westen, Oder, Bober und Queis im Osten) landwirtschaftlich erschlossen. Gegen Ende der Völkerwanderung waren sie von ihrer Urheimat nördlich der Karpaten, entlang dem Mittelgebirgsnordrand oder durch die Mährische Pforte, bis an Elbe und Saale vorgedrungen. Da die Elbslawen keinen eigenen Staat gebildet hatten, waren sie stets in das jeweilige deutsche Gemeinwesen eingebunden: vom Heiligen Römischen Reich bis zur Bundesrepublik. Die römisch-katholische Enklave nordwestlich Bautzens, die sich lange vom Umland abgrenzen konnte, gilt heute als das sorbische Kerngebiet. 1904 weihten die Sorben in Bautzen ihr ”Wendisches Haus” ein, 1912 gründeten sie in Hoyerswerda eine Dachorganisation für ihre Vereine, die Domowina. Der Zusammenbruch des Dritten Reichs wurde von den meisten Sorben als Befreiung empfunden. In den 40 Jahren ihres Bestehens hat die DDR sorbische Sprache und Kultur materiell beträchtlich gefördert. Die rechtliche Stellung der Sorben war im internationalen Vergleich zeitweise vorbildhaft. Den Sorben blieb aber – ebenso wie allen Ostdeutschen – die Mitwirkung an wichtigen staatlichen Entscheidungen verwehrt. Alle sorbischen Einrichtungen, die in den ersten 20 Jahren nach Kriegsende geschaffen wurden, bestehen in der Gegenwart fort und werden seit 1992 von der Stiftung für das sorbische Volk getragen, deren Etat anteilig vom Bund (3/6), von Sachsen (2/6) und von Brandenburg (1/6) gebildet wird. Die Sorben identifizieren sich traditionell stark mit ihren Institutionen, die in Bautzen und z. T. in Cottbus konzentriert sind, denn eigene staatliche Strukturen besitzen sie nicht. Der Einigungsvertrag von 1990 sicherte den Sorben in einer Protokollnotiz (Nr. 14 zu Art. 35) die Wahrung ihrer nationalen Identität zu und bekräftigte die Freiheit von Sprache und Kultur. Sachsen und Brandenburg garantieren in ihren Verfassungen und in speziellen ”Sorbengesetzen” aus den neunziger Jahren den Sorben oder Wenden entscheidende Rechte. Letztlich aber liegt es an den Angehörigen der sorb ischen Volksgruppe selbst, in welchem Umfang die gebotenen Chancen zur Erhaltung und Entfaltung der sprachlichen und kulturellen Substanz heute und in Zukunft genutzt werden

Bulletin der deutschen Slavistik 21.2015

Bulletin der deutschen Slavistik 21, 201

Increased Migration of Monocytes in Essential Hypertension Is Associated with Increased Transient Receptor Potential Channel Canonical Type 3 Channels

Increased transient receptor potential canonical type 3 (TRPC3) channels have been observed in patients with essential hypertension. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that increased monocyte migration is associated with increased TRPC3 expression. Monocyte migration assay was performed in a microchemotaxis chamber using chemoattractants formylated peptide Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Proteins were identified by immunoblotting and quantitative in-cell Western assay. The effects of TRP channel-inhibitor 2–aminoethoxydiphenylborane (2-APB) and small interfering RNA knockdown of TRPC3 were investigated. We observed an increased fMLP-induced migration of monocytes from hypertensive patients compared with normotensive control subjects (246±14% vs 151±10%). The TNF-α-induced migration of monocytes in patients with essential hypertension was also significantly increased compared to normotensive control subjects (221±20% vs 138±18%). In the presence of 2-APB or after siRNA knockdown of TRPC3 the fMLP-induced monocyte migration was significantly blocked. The fMLP-induced changes of cytosolic calcium were significantly increased in monocytes from hypertensive patients compared to normotensive control subjects. The fMLP-induced monocyte migration was significantly reduced in the presence of inhibitors of tyrosine kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase. We conclude that increased monocyte migration in patients with essential hypertension is associated with increased TRPC3 channels

Germania Slavica – wczoraj i dziś

At the end of the Migration Period the Slavic tribes left their original native lands and moved to the West. A few of the tribes appeared for the first time in 631 in the Franconian Chronicle under the Latin name of Surbi. It was their first mention in history. As a result of their conquest (929) by the Saxon king Henry I, they were incorporated into the German state organization and gradually Germanised. However, in the subsequently German central territories, in the so-called Germania Slavica, between Thuringia and Holstein, there still exists a Slavic cultural stratum, which is nowadays predominantly seen in multiple placenames. Lusatian Sorbs – approximately a quarter of a million people in 1800 – certify the historical development up to the contemporary times through their living language and tradition.This miracle can be explained by geographical, demographical, historical and political factors. However, despite the national revival in the early 19th century, the existence of the ethnicum was endangered by modernization and industrialization. By the end of the World War II, the population of Lusatian Sorbs had dropped to 100 000. In the totalitarian system of the GDR (The German Democratic Republic), “the brotherly Slavic nation” gained the basic rights (the legislation act already from 1948). The process of farther but restrained assimilation, occurring in both Lusatian territories, accelerated again in the open, pluralistic society after 1989/90. Due to financial resources as well as institutional reorganization, the German government strives to maintain the autochthonic minority, which now is perceived as a phenomenon enriching the United Europe. Simultaneously, the critical border to which the revitalization (especially of the Lower Lusatian language) is feasible, seems to have been crossed

Bulletin der deutschen Slavistik 13.2007

Bulletin des Deutschen Slavistenverbandes 13, 200