111 research outputs found
The accumulation of plutonium isotopes (239+240) in the components of the natural environment in the territory of the Karaganda region adjacent to the Semipalatinsk test site
Presents the results of a radiological survey of the territory of the Karaganda region. The data obtained on contamination of isotopes of plutonium (239+240), assessed the impact of nuclear testing on Semipalatinsk testing nuclear polygon. Currently, the pollution of the examined areas of technogenic radionuclides in most places, does not exceed the background level of global fallout, and only at some points noted in the reading background of global fallout. However, there are local areas of contamination, which could be formed as a result of testing of BRV, or other atmospheric fallout from nuclear testing
Characterization of the rice pathogen-related protein Rir1a and regulation of the corresponding gene
In rice (Oryza sativa L.), local acquired resistance against Pyricularia oryzae (Cav.), the causal agent of rice blast, can be induced by a preinoculation with the non-host pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. We have cloned a cDNA (Rir1a) and a closely related gene (Rir1b) corresponding to transcripts that accumulate in leaf tissue upon inoculation with P. syringae pv. syringae. The cDNA encodes a putative 107 amino acid protein, Rir1a, that exhibits a putative signal peptide cleavage site in its hydrophobic N-terminal part and a C-terminal part that is relatively rich in glycine and proline. The Rir1b gene contains a Tourist and a Wanderer miniature transposable element in its single intron and encodes a nearly identical protein. Rir1a is similar in sequence (ca. 35% identical and ca. 60% conservatively changed amino acids) to the putative Wir1 family of proteins that are encoded by pathogen-induced transcripts in wheat. Using antibodies raised against a Rir1a-fusion protein we show that Rir1a is secreted from rice protoplasts transiently expressing a 35S::Rir1a construct and that the protein accumulates in the cell wall compartment of rice leaves upon inoculation with P. syringae pv. syringae. Possible roles of Rir1a in pathogen defense are discusse
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π½ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π΅
ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΆΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°
Evidence for Allele-Specific Levels of Enhanced Susceptibility of Wheat mlo Mutants to the Hemibiotrophic Fungal Pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae pv. Triticum
Barley mlo mutants are well known for their profound resistance against powdery mildew disease. Recently, mlo mutant plants were generated in hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) with the help of transgenic (transcription-activator-like nuclease, TALEN) and non-transgenic (targeted induced local lesions in genomes, TILLING) biotechnological approaches. While full-gene knockouts in the three wheat Mlo (TaMlo) homoeologs, created via TALEN, confer full resistance to the wheat powdery mildew pathogen (Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici), the currently available TILLING-derived Tamlo missense mutants provide only partial protection against powdery mildew attack. Here, we studied the infection phenotypes of TALEN- and TILLING-derived Tamlo plants to the two hemibiotrophic pathogens Zymoseptoria tritici, causing Septoria leaf blotch in wheat, and Magnaporthe oryzae pv. Triticum (MoT), the causal agent of wheat blast disease. While Tamlo plants showed unaltered outcomes upon challenge with Z. tritici, we found evidence for allele-specific levels of enhanced susceptibility to MoT, with stronger powdery mildew resistance correlated with more invasive growth by the blast pathogen. Surprisingly, unlike barley mlo mutants, young wheat mlo mutant plants do not show undesired pleiotropic phenotypes such as spontaneous callose deposits in leaf mesophyll cells or signs of early leaf senescence. In conclusion, our study provides evidence for allele-specific levels of enhanced susceptibility of Tamlo plants to the hemibiotrophic wheat pathogen MoT
ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ° Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π·ΠΎΠ½
Π ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ° Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ 21% ΠΠΠ. Π ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ, Π·Π°Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠ³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅, Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΌΠ°Π»Π°. ΠΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°
Yeast gene KTI13 (alias DPH8) operates in the initiation step of diphthamide synthesis on elongation factor 2
In yeast, Elongator-dependent tRNA modifications are regulated by the Kti11β’Kti13 dimer and hijacked for cell killing by zymocin, a tRNase ribotoxin. Kti11 (alias Dph3) also controls modification of elongation factor 2 (EF2) with diphthamide, the target for lethal ADP-ribosylation by diphtheria toxin (DT). Diphthamide formation on EF2 involves four biosynthetic steps encoded by the DPH1-DPH7 network and an ill-defined KTI13 function. On further examining the latter gene in yeast, we found that kti13Ξ null-mutants maintain unmodified EF2 able to escape ADP-ribosylation by DT and to survive EF2 inhibition by sordarin, a diphthamide-dependent antifungal. Consistently, mass spectrometry shows kti13Ξ cells are blocked in proper formation of amino-carboxyl-propyl-EF2, the first diphthamide pathway intermediate. Thus, apart from their common function in tRNA modification, both Kti11/Dph3 and Kti13 share roles in the initiation step of EF2 modification. We suggest an alias KTI13/DPH8 nomenclature indicating dual-functionality analogous to KTI11/DPH3
A lineage-specific Exo70 is required for receptor kinaseβmediated immunity in barley
In the evolution of land plants, the plant immune system has experienced expansion in immune receptor and signaling pathways. Lineage-specific expansions have been observed in diverse gene families that are potentially involved in immunity but lack causal association. Here, we show that Rps8-mediated resistance in barley to the pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (wheat stripe rust) is conferred by a genetic module: Pur1 and Exo70FX12, which are together necessary and sufficient. Pur1 encodes a leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase and is the ortholog of rice Xa21, and Exo70FX12 belongs to the Poales-specific Exo70FX clade. The Exo70FX clade emerged after the divergence of the Bromeliaceae and Poaceae and comprises from 2 to 75 members in sequenced grasses. These results demonstrate the requirement of a lineage-specific Exo70FX12 in Pur1-mediated immunity and suggest that the Exo70FX clade may have evolved a specialized role in receptor kinase signaling
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