"A study of change of posture on the pulmonary function tests : can it help copd patients ?"

Objectives : To know the pulmonary function tests in sitting, supine and standing postures in North Indian population Is there any change in PFTs due to change in posture Settings: Department of Physiology, G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur and Escorts Heart Centre, Kanpur Participants : 50 male and 30 female healthy, non-smoker volunteers comprising of 50 students of first year MBBS and 30 volunteers at Escorts Heart Centre, Kanpur Measurements : PFTs, FEV1, FVC, FER, PEFR and TV Statistical analysis : Students't' test Results: The FEV1, FVC and PEFR increased significantly from supine to sitting to standing posture in both males and females. The FER significantly increased only when moving from supine to sitting in both males and females. The TV increased significantly by moving from supine to sitting and also from supine to standing postures in both males and females

An Evaluation Of Short-Term Prognostic Significance Of Various Clinical Parameters In Patients Of Stroke

Sonali Saxena', Shadab A. Khan", Jalaj Saxena’" * Consultant Cardiologist, ** Professor (Medicine), *** Assistant Professor (Physiology) Ishwardevi Medical and Cardiology Centre, Kanpur J.N. Medical College, A.M.U., Aligarh and G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur ABSTRACT: Objectives :To predict the short-term prognostic significance of various clinical parameters at the time of admission in patients of stroke. Setting: Department of General Medicine, J.N. Medical College, A.M.U., Aligarh Participants : 100 patients of stroke (Cerebro-vascular accident) comprising 54 males and 46 females. Clinical Parameters : Admission Blood Pressure, Side of paralysis, Extent of Paralysis, Gastro-intestinal Haemorrhage, Level of consciousness at the time of admission. Statistical Analysis: ‘Z’ test (Z>_ 1.96). Results : The admission B.P. was raised in 75% of patients. The mortality was significantly high (57.1%) in the severe grade B.P. while recovery was significantly high (64.3%) in mild or moderate grade B.P patients. The left sided paralysis was having significantly high mortality of patients (49%) while recovery was significantly high (56.2%) in the patients with right sided paralysis. The paralysis with Grade O power was in 58% of stroke patients and was associated with signifi­cantly high (53.4%) mortality while 100% recovery was found in patients with power grade 4 and 5 at the time of admission. The G.l. haemorrhage was associated with 5% of patients but mortality was significantly high (100%) in these patients. The level of consciousness of grade / was highest (34%) while mortality was significantly high (100%) in the patients admitted with grade 3 level of consciousness. The recovery was significantly high (92.9%) in the patients admitted with grade 'O’ level of consciousnes

The acute effect of resistance exercise on serum growth hormone and blood glucose in healthy non-obese adolescent subject

Background: The growth hormone (GH) response to resistance training is altered by many factors including sex steroid concentrations, fitness, intensity of exercise, age, gender, duration of exercise and glycemic state but the exact understanding of the interplay of different exercises to GH levels and its induced physiological adaptations is still obscure. This study aimed to see how resistance exercise affects GH levels and its correlation to plasma glucose levels in healthy non-obese adolescent subjects.Methods: 48 healthy non-obese adolescent subjects, 24 males and 24 females were included in the study. High volume exercise training regimen was used which involved major muscle group of arms, legs and trunk. Pre and post exercise levels of serum GH and random blood sugar were estimated in male and female groups.Results: The mean body mass index (BMI) of male and female groups was 23.22±3.12 kg/m2 and 20.40±4.49 kg/m2, respectively. The post-exercise serum GH levels in male and females increased significantly by 0.54±1.041 ng/ml (p<0.05) and 0.85±1.023 ng/ml (p<0.001) respectively. The random blood sugar levels in males after exercise significantly increased (p<0.05) by 7.16±12.61 mg/dl and in females by 6.20±12.09 mg/dl (p<0.05). There was significant correlation (p<0.05) between increase in serum GH levels and increase in random blood sugar levels in both male and female group.Conclusions: Exercise induced increase in GH and its interplay with serum glucose can be better gained access into via metanalytical/elaborate studies of the major hormones and fuels involved.

Pulmonary Function Tests In Young Healthy Subjects Of North India

Study Objectives : The diagnosis of disease done by skiagram can be substantiated by pulmonary function tests. Substantial data of Indians on PFTs is not available. The present study therefore has been planned on young healthy north Indians. Setting : 119 males and 49 female medical students of North India. Measurements : PFT's, T.V. FEV1, FVC, FER and PEFR were measured. P&lt;0.05 was considered as significant. Results : In North Indian males, mean T. V was 437.56 ± 65.83 ml, FEV1 3.26 ±041 L, FVC 3.82 ± 0.48 L, FER 85.09 ± 2.42% and PEFR was 495.42 ± 101.82 L / min. In North Indian females, average T. V was 386.12 ± 37.90 ml, FEV1 2.39 ± 0.38 L, FVC 2.79 ± 0.43 L, FER 85.38 ± 257% and PEFR was 307.12 ± 75.74 L / min. Conclusions: Males in comparison to females had more value of PFTs. All the PFTs showed positive correlation with Height, Weight and Surface area except Tidal Volume and FER

Effect Of Smoking On Thyroid Status In Depression

Research Problem: Whal is Ihe impact of smoking cigarettes on thyroid functions in depression patients. Objective: To estimate T3, T4&nbsp;and TSH in depressed smokers. Study Design:&nbsp;&nbsp; Hospital&nbsp;&nbsp; based clinical&nbsp; study. Setting: Psychiatry out - door patients. Participants: Depression patients with or without history of smoking. Sample Size:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Twenty five&nbsp; patients&nbsp; of depression. Study Variables: Smoking, Non - smoking, T3&nbsp;, T4&nbsp;, TSH Statistical Analysis: Student t- test. Result: The patients of both the study group and control group had subnormal T3&nbsp;but in smokers it was significantly lower than in non - smoker patients. T4&nbsp;was within the normal range in both the groups, but it was significantly higher in smokers. TSH levels were normal in both the groups of patients and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusion: A low T3&nbsp;state exists in depression with further worsening of the condition in depressed patients who smoke, which might have an impact on therapeutic outcome. Therefore, avoidance of smoking in depression patients is suggeste

Mushroom cultivation: Substantial key to food security

The worldwide sustenance and wholesome security of the expanding population is a generous test, which searches for new harvest (better yield from conventional ones) as a wellspring of nourishment sustenance and recoveries from malnutrition and food scarcity. Alluding to it, mushrooms discover some help which can be developed even via landless individuals, that too on decaying material and could be a source for proteinaceous sustenance. Metric huge amounts of natural waste and buildups are created every year which can possibly be reused as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. Mushroom cultivation being an indoor movement, requires less work and benefit adventure gives abundant chances to jobless

Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

Background: Estimates of demographic metrics are crucial to assess levels and trends of population health outcomes. The profound impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on populations worldwide has underscored the need for timely estimates to understand this unprecedented event within the context of long-term population health trends. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 provides new demographic estimates for 204 countries and territories and 811 additional subnational locations from 1950 to 2021, with a particular emphasis on changes in mortality and life expectancy that occurred during the 2020–21 COVID-19 pandemic period. Methods: 22 223 data sources from vital registration, sample registration, surveys, censuses, and other sources were used to estimate mortality, with a subset of these sources used exclusively to estimate excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic. 2026 data sources were used for population estimation. Additional sources were used to estimate migration; the effects of the HIV epidemic; and demographic discontinuities due to conflicts, famines, natural disasters, and pandemics, which are used as inputs for estimating mortality and population. Spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression (ST-GPR) was used to generate under-5 mortality rates, which synthesised 30 763 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 1365 surveys and censuses, and 80 other sources. ST-GPR was also used to estimate adult mortality (between ages 15 and 59 years) based on information from 31 642 location-years of vital registration and sample registration data, 355 surveys and censuses, and 24 other sources. Estimates of child and adult mortality rates were then used to generate life tables with a relational model life table system. For countries with large HIV epidemics, life tables were adjusted using independent estimates of HIV-specific mortality generated via an epidemiological analysis of HIV prevalence surveys, antenatal clinic serosurveillance, and other data sources. Excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 was determined by subtracting observed all-cause mortality (adjusted for late registration and mortality anomalies) from the mortality expected in the absence of the pandemic. Expected mortality was calculated based on historical trends using an ensemble of models. In location-years where all-cause mortality data were unavailable, we estimated excess mortality rates using a regression model with covariates pertaining to the pandemic. Population size was computed using a Bayesian hierarchical cohort component model. Life expectancy was calculated using age-specific mortality rates and standard demographic methods. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were calculated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered values from a 1000-draw posterior distribution. Findings: Global all-cause mortality followed two distinct patterns over the study period: age-standardised mortality rates declined between 1950 and 2019 (a 62·8% [95% UI 60·5–65·1] decline), and increased during the COVID-19 pandemic period (2020–21; 5·1% [0·9–9·6] increase). In contrast with the overall reverse in mortality trends during the pandemic period, child mortality continued to decline, with 4·66 million (3·98–5·50) global deaths in children younger than 5 years in 2021 compared with 5·21 million (4·50–6·01) in 2019. An estimated 131 million (126–137) people died globally from all causes in 2020 and 2021 combined, of which 15·9 million (14·7–17·2) were due to the COVID-19 pandemic (measured by excess mortality, which includes deaths directly due to SARS-CoV-2 infection and those indirectly due to other social, economic, or behavioural changes associated with the pandemic). Excess mortality rates exceeded 150 deaths per 100 000 population during at least one year of the pandemic in 80 countries and territories, whereas 20 nations had a negative excess mortality rate in 2020 or 2021, indicating that all-cause mortality in these countries was lower during the pandemic than expected based on historical trends. Between 1950 and 2021, global life expectancy at birth increased by 22·7 years (20·8–24·8), from 49·0 years (46·7–51·3) to 71·7 years (70·9–72·5). Global life expectancy at birth declined by 1·6 years (1·0–2·2) between 2019 and 2021, reversing historical trends. An increase in life expectancy was only observed in 32 (15·7%) of 204 countries and territories between 2019 and 2021. The global population reached 7·89 billion (7·67–8·13) people in 2021, by which time 56 of 204 countries and territories had peaked and subsequently populations have declined. The largest proportion of population growth between 2020 and 2021 was in sub-Saharan Africa (39·5% [28·4–52·7]) and south Asia (26·3% [9·0–44·7]). From 2000 to 2021, the ratio of the population aged 65 years and older to the population aged younger than 15 years increased in 188 (92·2%) of 204 nations. Interpretation: Global adult mortality rates markedly increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021, reversing past decreasing trends, while child mortality rates continued to decline, albeit more slowly than in earlier years. Although COVID-19 had a substantial impact on many demographic indicators during the first 2 years of the pandemic, overall global health progress over the 72 years evaluated has been profound, with considerable improvements in mortality and life expectancy. Additionally, we observed a deceleration of global population growth since 2017, despite steady or increasing growth in lower-income countries, combined with a continued global shift of population age structures towards older ages. These demographic changes will likely present future challenges to health systems, economies, and societies. The comprehensive demographic estimates reported here will enable researchers, policy makers, health practitioners, and other key stakeholders to better understand and address the profound changes that have occurred in the global health landscape following the first 2 years of the COVID-19 pandemic, and longer-term trends beyond the pandemic

"A study of change of posture on the pulmonary function tests : can it help copd patients ?"

<p class="Bodytext201">Objectives :</p><ol><li>To know the pulmonary function tests in sitting, supine and standing postures in North Indian population</li><li>Is there any change in PFTs due to change in posture</li></ol><p class="Bodytext201">Settings: Department of Physiology, G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur and Escorts Heart Centre, Kanpur</p><p class="Bodytext71">Participants : 50 male and 30 female healthy, non-smoker volunteers comprising of 50 students of first year MBBS and 30 volunteers at Escorts Heart Centre, Kanpur</p><p class="Bodytext71">Measurements : PFTs, FEV1, FVC, FER, PEFR and TV</p><p class="Bodytext201">Statistical analysis : Students't' test</p><p class="Bodytext71">Results: The FEV1, FVC and PEFR increased significantly from supine to sitting to standing posture in both males and females. The FER significantly increased only when moving from supine to sitting in both males and females. The TV increased significantly by moving from supine to sitting and also from supine to standing postures in both males and females.</p

An Evaluation Of Short-Term Prognostic Significance Of Various Clinical Parameters In Patients Of Stroke

<p class="Heading21" align="center"> </p><p class="Bodytext151" align="center">Sonali Saxena', Shadab A. Khan", Jalaj Saxena’"</p><p class="Bodytext151" align="left">* Consultant Cardiologist, ** Professor (Medicine), *** Assistant Professor (Physiology) Ishwardevi Medical and Cardiology Centre, Kanpur J.N. Medical College, A.M.U., Aligarh and G.S.V.M. Medical College, Kanpur ABSTRACT:</p><p class="Bodytext71">Objectives :To predict the short-term prognostic significance of various clinical parameters at the time of admission in patients of stroke.</p><p class="Bodytext71">Setting: Department of General Medicine, J.N. Medical College, A.M.U., Aligarh</p><p class="Bodytext71">Participants : 100 patients of stroke (Cerebro-vascular accident) comprising 54 males and 46 females.</p><p class="Bodytext71">Clinical Parameters : Admission Blood Pressure, Side of paralysis, Extent of Paralysis, Gastro-intestinal Haemorrhage, Level of consciousness at the time of admission.</p><p class="Bodytext71">Statistical Analysis: ‘Z’ test (Z&gt;_ 1.96).</p>Results : The admission B.P. was raised in 75% of patients. The mortality was significantly high (57.1%) in the severe grade B.P. while recovery was significantly high (64.3%) in mild or moderate grade B.P patients. The left sided paralysis was having significantly high mortality of patients (49%) while recovery was significantly high (56.2%) in the patients with right sided paralysis. The paralysis with Grade O power was in 58% of stroke patients and was associated with signifi­cantly high (53.4%) mortality while 100% recovery was found in patients with power grade 4 and 5 at the time of admission. The G.l. haemorrhage was associated with 5% of patients but mortality was significantly high (100%) in these patients. The level of consciousness of grade / was highest (34%) while mortality was significantly high (100%) in the patients admitted with grade 3 level of consciousness. The recovery was significantly high (92.9%) in the patients admitted with grade 'O’ level of consciousnes