Recent Advancement in Emulgel: A Novel Approach for Topical Drug Delivery

Gels are the preferable dosage forms for topical delivery of drugs in present days, but their use is not suitable for drugs with hydrophobic nature. In order to overcome the limitation of gels as a dosageform forhydrophobic drugs, an emulsion based approach is being used. When gels and emulsions are used in combined form the dosage form are referredas emulgel. The combination of hydrophilic cornified cells in hydrophobic intercellular material provides abarrier to both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances. Polymer canfunction as emulsifiers and thickeners because the gelling capacity of these compounds allows the formulationof stable emulsions by decreasing surface as well as interfacial tension and increasing theviscosity of the aqueous phase. Various permeation enhancers can potentiate the effect, so emulgelscan be used as better topical drug delivery systems over the conventional systems. The use of emulgels can be used as formulationsystem for analgesics and antifungal drugs

Active LC Clamp dv/dt Filter for Voltage Reflection due to Long Cable in Induction Motor Drives

This paper presents an active LC clamped dv/dt filter to mitigate the over voltages appearing across the motor terminals. The over voltages at motor terminal is due to voltage reflection effect of long motor cable connected between high frequency PWM inverter having high dv/dt switching waveforms and ac motor drives. The voltage reflection due to fast switching transients can be reduced by increasing the rise time and fall time of inverter output voltage pulses. The most commonly available mitigating technique is a passive dv/dt filter between inverter and cable.  Since, size, cost and losses of passive LC dv/dt filter is more, an active dv/dt filtering technique is used to reduce over voltage at motor terminals. Active LC clamp filtering technique used here consists of a small LC filter designed for a single motor cable length which can be used for any lengths of cable up to 1000m only by changing the active control of the PWM pulses to achieve the desired voltage slope during voltage transition period. The basic principle of active dv/dt filer used here is to charge and discharge the capacitor in the filter with modified PWM pulses to increase the rise time and fall time of output voltage pulses without any extra devices to handle the transient response of the LC filter. Detailed investigation is carried out by simulation using MATLAB-Simulink software with active control of common LC clamp dv/dt filter suitable for various cable lengths ranging from 100 m to 1000 m. Comparative analysis is done with active dv/dt filter designed with a common LC clamp filter and active LC clamp dv/dt filter designed for various cable lengths and also with diode clamped passive dv/dt filter. The results proves the effectiveness of the active common LC dv/dt filter to mitigate the over voltages at motor terminal for cable lengths up to 1000m

Low Speed Estimation of Sensorless DTC Induction Motor Drive Using MRAS with Neuro Fuzzy Adaptive Controller

This paper presents a closed loop Model Reference Adaptive system (MRAS) observer with artificial intelligent Nuero fuzzy controller (NFC) as the adaptation technique to mitigate the low speed estimation issues and to improvise the performance of the Sensorless Direct Torque Controlled (DTC) Induction Motor Drives (IMD). Rotor flux MRAS and reactive power MRAS with NFC is explored and detailed analysis is carried out for low speed estimation. Comparative analysis between rotor flux MRAS and reactive power MRAS with PI as well as NFC as adaptive controller is performed and results are presented in this paper. The comparative analysis among these four speed estimation methods shows that reactive power MRAS with NFC as adaptation mechanism shows reduced speed estimation error and actual speed error at steady state operating conditions when the drive is subjected to low speed operation. Simulation carried out using MATLAB-Simulink software to validate the performance of the drive especially at low speeds with rated and variable load conditions

Pattern of gynecological morbidity, its factors and Health seeking behavior among reproductive age group women in a rural community of Thiruvananthapuram district, South Kerala

Introduction: Gynecological morbidities constitute an important health problem among women of reproductive age group in India. Many of them did not seek care and bare it silently. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to measure the prevalence of self-reported gynecological morbidities among women of 15 to 45 years and to find out association with certain selected socio-demographic factors. This study also tried to study the health seeking behavior of women. Methodology: A population based cross sectional survey was conducted across Vakkom Panchayat, it’s area comes under Rural Health Centre of the Department of Community Medicine, Govt. Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram. A total of 540Women of 15 to 45 years was included in the study by two stage sampling technique. Results: Of the total, 199 {(36.85%) 95% CI -31.14, 42.94} women in the study reported at least one type of gynecological morbidity. Major morbidity reported was menstrual problems (25.0%). Prevalence of overall gynecological morbidities was found to be significantly more among women who married early (<18years) Adjusted OR 1.66 (95%CI- 1.05, 2.64).On subgroup analysis the factors like age group of women (below 30yrs), age at menarche below 13 years & presence of thyroid hormone disorders were found to be significantly (p<0.05) related to menstrual diseases in the regression model. Only 110 (55.3%) women sought treatment for any one of the morbidity. Majority took treatment from private hospitals. Conclusion: Prevalence of gynecological morbidities was high in this community. The data collected are valuable & could serve as preliminary data to pilot innovative delivery of gynecologic healthcare services

Pattern of gynecological morbidity, its factors and Health seeking behavior among reproductive age group women in a rural community of Thiruvananthapuram district, South Kerala

Introduction: Gynecological morbidities constitute an important health problem among women of reproductive age group in India. Many of them did not seek care and bare it silently. Aims and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to measure the prevalence of self-reported gynecological morbidities among women of 15 to 45 years and to find out association with certain selected socio-demographic factors. This study also tried to study the health seeking behavior of women. Methodology: A population based cross sectional survey was conducted across Vakkom Panchayat, it’s area comes under Rural Health Centre of the Department of Community Medicine, Govt. Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram. A total of 540Women of 15 to 45 years was included in the study by two stage sampling technique. Results: Of the total, 199 {(36.85%) 95% CI -31.14, 42.94} women in the study reported at least one type of gynecological morbidity. Major morbidity reported was menstrual problems (25.0%). Prevalence of overall gynecological morbidities was found to be significantly more among women who married early (<18years) Adjusted OR 1.66 (95%CI- 1.05, 2.64).On subgroup analysis the factors like age group of women (below 30yrs), age at menarche below 13 years & presence of thyroid hormone disorders were found to be significantly (p<0.05) related to menstrual diseases in the regression model. Only 110 (55.3%) women sought treatment for any one of the morbidity. Majority took treatment from private hospitals. Conclusion: Prevalence of gynecological morbidities was high in this community. The data collected are valuable & could serve as preliminary data to pilot innovative delivery of gynecologic healthcare services