XML-Based Representation Formats of Local Grammars for the NL

(4 pp.)International audienc

The influence of demographics and household specific price indices on expenditure based inequality and welfare : a comparison of Spain and the United States.

Previous research has suggested that inequality is lower in Spain than in the United States when it is based on income. For the present article, both inequality and social welfare are examined, with household consumption expenditures used as a proxy for household welfare. For tractability, equivalence scales depended only on the number of people in the household. Household-specific price indices were used to express the 1990–1991 expenditure distributions in 1981 and 1991 winter prices. Our results reveal that inequality and welfare comparisons are drastically different for smaller and larger households. When all households are considered, the two-country comparison suggests that the income inequality ranking can only be maintained for expenditure distributions when economies of scale are small or nonexistent. However, welfare is always higher in the United States than in Spain. Because inflation during the 1980s in both countries was essentially distributionally neutral, all results appear to be robust to the choice of time period.

The influence of demographic and household specific price indices on expenditure based inequality and welfare: A comparison of Spain and the united states.

The purpose of this research is to examine the role of household size and household specific price indices on inequality and welfare measurement in Spain and the O.S. Total household expenditures from each countries' 1990-91 consumer expenditure surveys, with adjustments to reflect more accurately households' current consumption, are used as the basis for the analysis. Household size scale factors are used to produce adjusted expenditures. Household specific price indices are used to expresss the 1990-91 expenditure distribution at winter of 1981 and winter of 1991 prices. Decomposable measurement instruments are used both for the inequality and social welfare analyses. Our results show that wide differences in household size can be very important in international comparisons. Inequality and welfare comparisons are drastically different for smaller and larger households. For both countries we find that from the point of view of winter 1981, the amount of expenditures that we would need to give to richer households to compensate them for inflation, over the 1981 to 1991 period, would be greater than the amount that we would need to give to poorer households for them to be able to acquire the same bundle of goods. Our inequality comparisons are robust to the choice of the reference price vector.Theil inequality; Wealfare; Demographic factors; household expenditures; Household price indexes;

Distributive implications of member level income aggregation within the household : an approximation through mobility indices.

This paper adapts the ethical index of income mobility first suggested by Chakravarty, Dutta and Weymark (1985) to assess the contribution of wives, husbands, and other adults' member level income to husband-wife households' income mobility according to two of the criteria discussed in the literature. For any partition of the population, a source's contribution is seen to be decomposable into within-group and between-group income mobility indices plus a term capturing sub-group differences in income shares. The approach is applied to a sample of husband-wife households where both spouses are present, extracted from the 1990–91 Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares, the Spanish household budget survey. While the husbands' income contribution is large and positive, the contribution of wives and other adults is practically equal to zero. When mean income differences are eliminated, all member contributions to husband-wife households' income mobility are substantially reducedIncome inequality; Mobility; Welfare;

Desigualdad y bienestar en España en términos reales

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la evolución del nivel de vida en España en términos reales a través de las EPF (Encuestas de Presupuestos Familiares) realizadas por el INE en 1973-74, 1980-81 y 1990-91. Los importantes cambios políticos y las transformaciones socioeconómicas acaecidos durante estos casi veinte años que van desde el comienzo de la democracia hasta 1991, justifican el estudio en profundidad de los cambios en el bienestar económico(1). El crecimiento del consumo privado per capita para el período en su conjunto estuvo en torno al 40 por ciento, o el 2 por ciento anual según los datos de la Contabilidad Nacional. Dicho crecimiento no fue homogéneo durante todo el período. Tras las crisis del petróleo de 1973 y 1981, la economía española se recupera a partir de mediados de la década de los 80, alcanzando en algunos años tasas de crecimiento del consumo privado superiores al 5 por ciento. Sin embargo, desde el punto de vista social éste es un indicador demasiado simple de lo ocurrido con el nivel de vida en España; estamos interesados en indicadores que combinen consideraciones de eficiencia, reflejadas a través de la media de la distribución, con consideraciones de equidad recogidas por medio de algún índice de desigualdad.

Efficient Evaluation of Matrix Polynomials beyond the Paterson-Stockmeyer Method

[EN] Recently, two general methods for evaluating matrix polynomials requiring one matrix product less than the Paterson-Stockmeyer method were proposed, where the cost of evaluating a matrix polynomial is given asymptotically by the total number of matrix product evaluations. An analysis of the stability of those methods was given and the methods have been applied to Taylor-based implementations for computing the exponential, the cosine and the hyperbolic tangent matrix functions. Moreover, a particular example for the evaluation of the matrix exponential Taylor approximation of degree 15 requiring four matrix products was given, whereas the maximum polynomial degree available using Paterson-Stockmeyer method with four matrix products is 9. Based on this example, a new family of methods for evaluating matrix polynomials more efficiently than the Paterson-Stockmeyer method was proposed, having the potential to achieve a much higher efficiency, i.e., requiring less matrix products for evaluating a matrix polynomial of certain degree, or increasing the available degree for the same cost. However, the difficulty of these family of methods lies in the calculation of the coefficients involved for the evaluation of general matrix polynomials and approximations. In this paper, we provide a general matrix polynomial evaluation method for evaluating matrix polynomials requiring two matrix products less than the Paterson-Stockmeyer method for degrees higher than 30. Moreover, we provide general methods for evaluating matrix polynomial approximations of degrees 15 and 21 with four and five matrix product evaluations, respectively, whereas the maximum available degrees for the same cost with the Paterson-Stockmeyer method are 9 and 12, respectively. Finally, practical examples for evaluating Taylor approximations of the matrix cosine and the matrix logarithm accurately and efficiently with these new methods are given.This research was partially funded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad grant TIN2017-89314-P, and by the Programa de Apoyo a la Investigacion y Desarrollo 2018 of the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia grant PAID-06-18-SP20180016.Sastre, J.; Ibáñez González, JJ. (2021). Efficient Evaluation of Matrix Polynomials beyond the Paterson-Stockmeyer Method. Mathematics. 9(14):1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9141600S12391

The influence of demographics and household specific price indices on expenditure based inequality and welfare : a comparison of Spain and the United States

Previous research has suggested that inequality is lower in Spain than in the United States when it is based on income. For the present article, both inequality and social welfare are examined, with household consumption expenditures used as a proxy for household welfare. For tractability, equivalence scales depended only on the number of people in the household. Household-specific price indices were used to express the 1990–1991 expenditure distributions in 1981 and 1991 winter prices. Our results reveal that inequality and welfare comparisons are drastically different for smaller and larger households. When all households are considered, the two-country comparison suggests that the income inequality ranking can only be maintained for expenditure distributions when economies of scale are small or nonexistent. However, welfare is always higher in the United States than in Spain. Because inflation during the 1980s in both countries was essentially distributionally neutral, all results appear to be robust to the choice of time period.The U.S. part of this project was in part supported by the ASA/NSF/BLS Research Fellow Program in which Javier Ruiz-Castillo participated as an ASA/NSF/BLS Research Fellow at BLS in 1996Publicad

The influence of demographic and household specific price indices on expenditure based inequality and welfare: a comparison of Spain and the United States

The purpose of this research is to examine the role of household size and household specific price indices on inequality and welfare measurement in Spain and the O.S. Total household expenditures from each countries' 1990-91 consumer expenditure surveys, with adjustments to reflect more accurately households' current consumption, are used as the basis for the analysis. Household size scale factors are used to produce adjusted expenditures. Household specific price indices are used to expresss the 1990-91 expenditure distribution at winter of 1981 and winter of 1991 prices. Decomposable measurement instruments are used both for the inequality and social welfare analyses. Our results show that wide differences in household size can be very important in international comparisons. Inequality and welfare comparisons are drastically different for smaller and larger households. For both countries we find that from the point of view of winter 1981, the amount of expenditures that we would need to give to richer households to compensate them for inflation, over the 1981 to 1991 period, would be greater than the amount that we would need to give to poorer households for them to be able to acquire the same bundle of goods. Our inequality comparisons are robust to the choice of the reference price vector