Baseline characteristics for propensity-score matched patients.

<p>Baseline characteristics for propensity-score matched patients.</p

Adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause mortality, MACE, and cancer for patients with > = 365 days wash-in to diabetes presentation from the later of registration date and practice up-to-standard date.

<p>For the overall model, there was evidence that the proportional hazards assumption was violated for insulin dose. Therefore, an interaction with time was incorporated into the Cox model. For all-cause mortality, Heaviside functions (<1,095 and > = 1,095 days) were used for history of cancer and antihypertensives. Where the analysis was split by quartile of the number of prior glucose-lowering regimens per year, Heaviside functions were used for HbA1c (<730 and > = 730 days), history of cancer, and antiplatelet therapy (<365 and > = 365 days) for the MACE endpoint. For the cancer endpoint, history of receiving prescriptions for lipid-lowering therapy, gender (<1,095 and > = 1,095 days), diabetes duration (<1,460 and > = 1,460 days), and history of receiving antihypertensives (<365 and > = 365 days) were introduced into the model as Heaviside functions.</p

Adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause mortality for insulin plus metformin compared with insulin monotherapy.

<p>Notes: Final model specification: estimated cumulative insulin dose, therapy (±metformin), HbA1c, BMI, diabetes duration, index year, insulin regimen, smoking status, serum creatinine, prior cancer, prior large vessel disease, prior lipid-lowering therapy, prior anti-hypertensive therapy, prior anti-platelet therapy, prior GP contacts, Charlson comorbidity index, gender, and age at index. Insulin dose (units/kg/day) was added as a cumulative dose as an annually updated, time-dependent covariate. Baseline values were used for the remaining covariates as defined in the Statistical Methods section. Prior anti-hypertensive therapy and history of cancer violated the proportional hazards assumption of the Cox model and so were added as Heaviside functions (<1,095 and ≥1,095 days). The covariate used to categorize each subgroup was removed from the model for the respective analysis.</p

Events, follow-up time, and crude event rates by glucose-lowering regimen and average insulin dose over the study period.

<p>Lower-dose insulin: ≤0.648 units/kg/day; higher-dose insulin: >0.6480 units/kg/day (where the median insulin dose = 0.648 units/kg/day).</p

Adjusted hazard ratios for all-cause mortality for all covariates added to the Cox proportional hazards model.

<p>aHR: adjusted hazard ratio.</p

Adjusted hazard ratios for a) all-cause mortality, b) MACE, and c) cancer by lower and higher cumulative insulin dose.

<p>Notes: Model specification: categorical variable comprising insulin exposure and therapy (lower- and higher-dose insulin monotherapy, and lower- and higher-dose insulin plus metformin), HbA1c, BMI, diabetes duration, index year, smoking status, serum creatinine, prior cancer, prior large vessel disease, prior lipid-lowering therapy, prior anti-hypertensive therapy, prior anti-platelet therapy, prior GP contacts, Charlson comorbidity index, gender, insulin regimen, and age at index. The combined insulin exposure and therapy variable was added to the Cox model as an annually updated, time-dependent covariate. Baseline values were used for the remaining covariates as defined in the Statistical Methods section. Lower insulin dose was defined as ≤0.648 units/kg/day and higher dose was defined as >0.648 units/kg/day. For all-cause mortality, prior cancer and prior anti-hypertensives violated the proportional hazards assumption of the Cox model and so were entered as Heaviside functions (≤1,095 and >1,095 days). For cancer, insulin regimen type violated the proportional hazards assumption of the Cox model and so this was added as Heaviside functions (<1,095 and ≥1,095 days).</p

Application of Science and Technology Communication to Citizenship Education : A Case Study of a Class Using a Participatory Drama “When We Were Machines”

筆頭筆者は，2021年3月，高校1年生と2年生を対象に演劇を用いた科学技術コミュニケーション実践「私たちが機械だった頃」の録画動画を教材に用いた「討論と評決」の授業を対面で実施した．「討論と評決」は科学技術の社会実装に係る倫理的・社会的問題を扱った動画を上映・鑑賞し，その内容に基づいて生徒同士が意見交換を行う授業構成になっている．本授業の目的「多様な意見を知ること」には，協働的な学びを通じたシティズンシップ教育としての側面がある．このように「討論と評決」は科学技術コミュニケーション実践をシティズンシップ教育に応用した事例とみることができる．本報告は「討論と評決」の設計意図，授業工程と工夫，具体的な授業の構成，授業後の生徒の自由回答結果を挙げ，科学技術コミュニケーション実践が中等教育のシティズンシップ教育に応用可能であることを示す．This report describes an availability of science and technology communication content for secondary education. It is based on the classroom practice by the author using the movie of the science event. The object is to make students exchange their ideas and get to know the diversity of the thoughts of their peers. This practice includes the element of citizenship education and therefore can be a case that the movie for science and technology communication was used as a material for citizenship education. To describe the availability, this report shows the purpose and plan of the class and questionnaires to students who participated in the class

Adjusted hazard ratios for MACE for all covariates added to the Cox proportional hazards model.

<p>Interactions with time demonstrated that the proportional hazards assumptions was violated for insulin dose.</p

Adjusted hazard ratios for MACE for insulin plus metformin compared with insulin monotherapy.

<p>Notes: Final model specification: insulin exposure, therapy (±metformin), HbA1c, BMI, diabetes duration, index year, insulin regimen, smoking status, serum creatinine, prior cancer, prior lipid-lowering therapy, prior anti-hypertensive therapy, prior anti-platelet therapy, prior GP contacts, Charlson comorbidity index, gender, and age at index. Cumulative mean insulin dose (units/kg/day) was added as an annually updated, time-dependent covariate. Baseline values were used for the remaining covariates as defined in the Statistical Methods section.</p

Adjusted hazards ratios for all-cause mortality, MACE and cancer for 365 day periods of follow-up.

<p>Adjusted hazards ratios for all-cause mortality, MACE and cancer for 365 day periods of follow-up.</p