Data on brain volume and brain lesion-load MRI-acquired in patients with multiple sclerosis separated by the abnormalities found on the TBR.

<p>Abbreviations: TBR = trigeminal blink reflex; AbLat = patients with delayed latencies on the TBR;</p><p>AbEx = patients with enhanced R2c/R2 ratio and no latency abnormalities.</p>a<p>All data regarding to volume and lesion-load (expressed as mean and SD values in mm³) were normalized</p><p>to the individual brain size using a correction factor (VSCALING).</p

Data on response size calculated in healthy subjects and in patients categorized as AbEx and no-AbEx.

<p>Abbreviations: HS = healthy subjects; AbEx = patients with asymmetric response size and suspected abnormal excitability;</p><p>no-AbEx = patients that did not fulfill the criteria for AbEx; SBR = somatosensory blink reflex;</p><p>BRER = blink reflex excitability recovery; BRIP = blink reflex inhibition by a prepulse; R1 amp.  = amplitude of R1.</p><p>The individual's mean values (from right and left sides) on each response size measure were averaged for group comparison.</p>a<p>Arithmetic difference between sides (right and left) on each response parameter. *Significant differences (<i>p</i><0.05)</p><p>found in a subgroup of patients with respect to HS. ** Statistically significant differences found in AbEx patients with respect</p><p>to both HS and no-AbEx patients.</p

Blink reflexes in a multiple sclerosis patient showing a unilateral enhancement of excitability (AbEx).

<p>Recordings from bilateral <i>orbicularis oculi</i> (OOc; R = right and L = left) of the trigeminal (TBR) and the somatosensory blink reflexes (SBR). The graphs at the top of the figure (TBR) show both unilateral/early response (R1), and bilateral/late responses (R2 and R2c), to stimulation of the supraorbital nerve (SON) of either side (two traces are superimposed). The graphs at the bottom of the figure (SBR) show ipsilateral OOc responses to median nerve stimuli. The recordings of a healthy subject (<b>A</b>) are shown in the left side of the figure, and those corresponding to a representative patient with enhanced R2c/R2 ratio (AbEx, <b>B</b>) are shown in the right side. Note that the R2c is larger than the R2 to stimulation of the right SON in the patient but not in the healthy subject, i.e., the R2c/R2 ratio is below 1 in the healthy subject and above 1 in the patient. Note also the similar size of the SBR in responses of both sides in the healthy subject and the clear inter-side difference in the patient, who had a larger response in the left side (coincident asymmetry with the R2c/R2 ratio). Coincident enhanced unilateral OOc responses from both trigeminal and median nerve stimulation suggest left facial motoneuronal excitability enhancement.</p

Trigeminal blink reflex and brainstem MRI of a patient with AbLat (n° 13).

<p>In <b>A</b> (left), <i>orbicularis oculi</i> (OOc) responses in both sides (R = right and L = left) are recorded after bilateral supraorbital nerve stimulation (SON, R = right, L = left; two traces are superimposed). Vertical dashed lines indicate the normal upper cut-off values for the latency of R1 and R2 responses and arrows indicate response onset. Note the delay in response latency for R1 in both sides and for the R2 and R2c to L-SON stimulation while these responses could not be obtained to R-SON (mixed pattern). In <b>B</b> (right), relevant MRI images from this patient are shown: coronal T1-MPRAGE (upper), axial FLAIR (lower left) and T2-weighted (lower right) images show evidence for multiple bilateral lesions in the pons.</p

Graphical representation of values for right and left side R2c/R2 ratios (upper graphs) and mean R2 area (µV x s; lower graphs) in healthy subjects and patients with multiple sclerosis.

<p>The individual values for right (R) and left (L) sides are tied by a line to highlight the degree of between-sides asymmetry. Horizontal dashed lines indicate the normal upper cut-off values for both response size parameters. Note that healthy subjects show relatively more symmetrically distributed values with respect to patients for both the R2c/R2 ratio and the mean R2 area. A unilateral R2c/R2 ratio value above 1 was observed in 9 patients (lines reaching above 1 in panel <b>B</b>). Only 2 AbLat patients had a single value above 1 in the R2c/R2 ratio (marked with asterisks in <b>B</b>). Although no differences on the distribution of the mean R2 area values were apparent between both groups (lower graphs), 8 patients had a significant increase in the inter-side difference which was coincident with a unilateral enhancement on the R2c/R2 ratio (AbEx patients). These 8 subjects are identified in panel <b>D</b> because of their steeper slope in the inter-side.</p

Lesion probability map in patients with AbLat (upper sequences) and AbEx (lower sequences).

<p>The distribution of lesions is shown at a supratentorial and brainstem level (representative sequences). In the probability map each voxel value (colored from deep blue to green) could be thought of as an estimate of the probability (from 0.0 to 0.4) that each subject of the subgroup had a lesion at that location. A different pattern of lesion distribution can be clearly distinguished between both groups.</p

Relationships of Osteoporosis Health Beliefs to Practiced Exercise Behaviors of Women

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship of health beliefs contained in the Health Belief Model to practiced exercise behavior of women. A descriptive correlation design was used with a convenience sample of 201 women. The revised version of the Osteoporosis Health Belief Exercise Scale developed by Kim, Horan, Gendler and Patel (1991b) was used to measure health beliefs related to osteoporosis. The ARIC/Baecke questionnaire of Habitual Physical Activity was used to measure life style physical activity. Health motivation and exercise benefits were found to be positively correlated to exercise behavior. However, susceptibility and exercise barriers were inversely correlated to exercise behavior. Perceived exercise barriers and health motivation explained the greatest variance in exercise behaviors. The Health Belief Model can be used as a guide by nurses to promote health behaviors consistent with research findings

MSJ771838_Supplemental_methods – Supplemental material for Hippocampal-related memory network in multiple sclerosis: A structural connectivity analysis

<p>Supplemental material, MSJ771838_Supplemental_methods for Hippocampal-related memory network in multiple sclerosis: A structural connectivity analysis by Sara Llufriu, Maria A Rocca, Elisabetta Pagani, Gianna C Riccitelli, Elisabeth Solana, Bruno Colombo, Mariaemma Rodegher, Andrea Falini, Giancarlo Comi and Massimo Filippi in Multiple Sclerosis Journal</p

MSJ771838_Supplemental_figure – Supplemental material for Hippocampal-related memory network in multiple sclerosis: A structural connectivity analysis

<p>Supplemental material, MSJ771838_Supplemental_figure for Hippocampal-related memory network in multiple sclerosis: A structural connectivity analysis by Sara Llufriu, Maria A Rocca, Elisabetta Pagani, Gianna C Riccitelli, Elisabeth Solana, Bruno Colombo, Mariaemma Rodegher, Andrea Falini, Giancarlo Comi and Massimo Filippi in Multiple Sclerosis Journal</p

MSJ771838_Supplemental_tables – Supplemental material for Hippocampal-related memory network in multiple sclerosis: A structural connectivity analysis

<p>Supplemental material, MSJ771838_Supplemental_tables for Hippocampal-related memory network in multiple sclerosis: A structural connectivity analysis by Sara Llufriu, Maria A Rocca, Elisabetta Pagani, Gianna C Riccitelli, Elisabeth Solana, Bruno Colombo, Mariaemma Rodegher, Andrea Falini, Giancarlo Comi and Massimo Filippi in Multiple Sclerosis Journal</p