Microscopie de Fluorescence STED accordable

International audienc

Three-dimensional nanometre localization of nanoparticles to enhance super-resolution microscopy

Meeting the nanometre resolution promised by super-resolution microscopy techniques (pointillist: PALM, STORM, scanning: STED) requires stabilizing the sample drifts in real time during the whole acquisition process. Metal nanoparticles are excellent probes to track the lateral drifts as they provide crisp and photostable information. However, achieving nano-metre axial super-localization is still a major challenge, as diffraction imposes large depths-of-fields. Here we demonstrate fast full three-dimensional nanometre super-localization of gold nanoparticles through simultaneous intensity and phase imaging with a wavefront-sensing camera based on quadriwave lateral shearing interferometry. We show how to combine the intensity and phase information to provide the key to the third axial dimension. Presently, we demonstrate even in the occurrence of large three-dimensional fluctuations of several microns, unprecedented sub-nanometre localization accuracies down to 0.7 nm in lateral and 2.7 nm in axial directions at 50 frames per second. We demonstrate that nanoscale stabilization greatly enhances the image quality and resolution in direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy imaging.Institut Langevin : Ondes et Images, du Fondamental à l'InnovationParis Sciences et LettresMicroscopie de fluorescence pour l'imagerie membranair

Imager au-delà de la limite de diffraction grâce à la microscopie STED

International audienc

Evidence of oxidative stress and mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunction in an in vitro model of sepsis-induced kidney injury

To investigate the role of oxidative stress and/or mitochondrial impairment in the occurrence of acute kidney injury (AKI) during sepsis, we developed a sepsis-induced in vitro model using proximal tubular epithelial cells exposed to a bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS). This investigation has provided key features on the relationship between oxidative stress and mitochondrial respiratory chain activity defects. LPS treatment resulted in an increase in the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX-4), suggesting the cytosolic overexpression of nitric oxide and superoxide anion, the primary reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). This oxidant state seemed to interrupt mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by reducing cytochrome c oxidase activity. As a consequence, disruptions in the electron transport and the proton pumping across the mitochondrial inner membrane occurred, leading to a decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential, a release of apoptotic-inducing factors and a depletion of adenosine triphosphate. Interestingly, after being targeted by RNS and ROS, mitochondria became in turn producer of ROS, thus contributing to increase the mitochondrial dysfunction. The role of oxidants in mitochondrial dysfunction was further confirmed by the use of iNOS inhibitors or antioxidants that preserve cytochrome c oxidase activity and prevent mitochondrial membrane potential dissipation. These results suggest that sepsis-induced AKI should not only be regarded as failure of energy status but also as an integrated response, including transcriptional events, ROS signaling, mitochondrial activity and metabolic orientation such as apoptosis

Optimisation de la thérapie photodynamique par l'utilisation d'une formulation liposomiale du photosensibilisateur pyrophéophorbide-a-methyl ester: Etudes biophysiques comparatives in vitro et ex vivo sur une lignée cellulaire cancéreuse du colon

peer reviewe

Disruption in energy metabolism and mitochondrial function in a cellular model of inflammation-induced acute kidney injury

Sepsis is a very complex clinical condition characterized by stimulation of a systemic inflammatory response due to an infection. It has a profound deleterious effect on kidney functions leading to sepsis-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). This failure seems to occur through complex mechanisms involving the immune system response, inflammatory pathways, cellular dysfunction and hemodynamic instability. To study the role of cellular energetic metabolism dysfunction and mitochondrial impairment in the occurrence of AKI during sepsis, we developed an inflammation-induced in vitro model using proximal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) exposed to a bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS). This investigation has provided key features on the relationship between endotoxic stress and mitochondrial respiratory chain assembly defects. Firstly, we have shown that renal cells subjected to LPS are no longer capable to use adequately the available oxygen to maintain their metabolic functions. One hypothesis of this down-regulation suggests that impairment in mitochondria oxidative phosphorylation could prevent cells from using oxygen for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and potentially could cause sepsis-induced organ failure. Our study has then investigated this possible mitochondrial impairment to explain the decreased O2 consumption rate observed in LPS-treated HK-2 cells. After exposure to LPS, functionality of mitochondria was affected without any disturbance in their spatial organization. LPS seemed rather to interrupt mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by blocking cytochrome c oxidase activity. As a consequence, disruptions in the electron transport and the proton pumping across the system occurred, leading to a decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential, an electron leakage as the form of superoxide anion, a release of cytochrome c in the cytosol and a decrease in ATP production. This irreversible defect in the production of cellular energy would support the concept that kidney failure in sepsis may occur on the basis of cytopathic hypoxia

Ex vivo fluorescence imaging of normal and malignant urothelial cells to enhance early diagnosis

Urinary cytology is a noninvasive and unconstraining technique for urothelial cancer diagnosis but lacks sensitivity for detecting low-grade lesions. In this study, the fluorescence properties of classical Papanicolaou-stained urothelial cytological slides from patients or from cell lines were monitored to investigate metabolic changes in normal and tumoral cells. Time- and spectrally-resolved fluorescence imaging was performed at the single cell level to assess the spectral and temporal properties as well as the spatial distribution of the fluorescence emitted by urothelial cells. The results reveal quite different fluorescence distributions between tumoral urothelial cells, characterized by a perimembrane fluorescence localization, and the normal cells which exhibit an intracellular fluorescence. This is not caused by differences in the fluorescence emission of the endogenous fluorophores NAD(P)H, flavoproteins or porphyrins but by various localization of the EA 50 Papanicolaou stain as revealed by both the spectral and time-resolved parameters. The present results demonstrate that the use of single-cell endofluorescence emission of Papanicolaou-stained urothelial cytological slides can allow an early ex vivo diagnosis of low-grade bladder cancers

Mean fluorescence anisotropy variations over time for eGFP and eGFP-tandem.

<p>Mean fluorescence anisotropy decays for eGFP (<i>solid square</i>, n = 19 cells) and eGFP-tandem (<i>open round</i>, n = 21 cells) expressed in HEK293 cells.</p

Analysis of autofluorescence in polymorphonuclear neutrophils: a new tool for early infection diagnosis.

Diagnosing bacterial infection (BI) remains a challenge for the attending physician. An ex vivo infection model based on human fixed polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) gives an autofluorescence signal that differs significantly between stimulated and unstimulated cells. We took advantage of this property for use in an in vivo pneumonia mouse model and in patients hospitalized with bacterial pneumonia. A 2-fold decrease was observed in autofluorescence intensity for cytospined PMNs from broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) in the pneumonia mouse model and a 2.7-fold decrease was observed in patients with pneumonia when compared with control mice or patients without pneumonia, respectively. This optical method provided an autofluorescence mean intensity cut-off, allowing for easy diagnosis of BI. Originally set up on a confocal microscope, the assay was also effective using a standard epifluorescence microscope. Assessing the autofluorescence of PMNs provides a fast, simple, cheap and reliable method optimizing the efficiency and the time needed for early diagnosis of severe infections. Rationalized therapeutic decisions supported by the results from this method can improve the outcome of patients suspected of having an infection

Fluorescence intensity decays obtained for parallel and perpendicular polarizations using objective 10× (NA = 0.3).

<p>Polarizations were normalized with the excitation polarization. Values obtained at each time gate for (<i>open squares</i>) and (<i>stars</i>) are represented. <i>(A)</i> non-viscous fluorescein solution. <i>(B)</i> fluorescein solution with a high viscosity (69–70% glycerol).</p