El desarrollo de la energía nuclear y los riesgos de proliferación: el caso de Irán

El programa nuclear civil y militar de Irán muestra cómo ha progresado la proliferación nuclear apoyada en la demanda de energía, en la transferencia de tecnologías críticas y en la debilidad del régimen de no proliferación En los últimos años se ha producido un creciente interés en la energía nuclear como fuente de suministro y de diversificación de los recursos energéticos. La técnica de producción del combustible nuclear permite acabar produciendo material fisible militar. La dualidad de la tecnología nuclear supone un desafío estratégico y los procesos de proliferación nuclear han alterado el contexto estratégico de la península coreana, Asia Meridional y Oriente Medio. Los intentos de limitar la proliferación nuclear tratan de preservar el equilibrio adecuado entre los tres pilares del Tratado de No Proliferación de Armas Nucleares –desarme nuclear, no proliferación y usos pacíficos de la energía nuclear–, pero con escaso éxito, como demuestra el caso iraní que se describe en este ARI

Síndromes con alto riesgo clínico de desarrollar trastornos psicóticos: avances en caracterización, pronóstico y factores terapéuticos

Psychotic disorders and psychotic experiences are common in the general population (McGorry et al., 1995). Psychotic disorders have a significant impact on individual’s personal life but also on the society. In the last decades, interest in the prevention of mental disorders has increased through the characterization, the prognostic evaluation, and the establishment of preventive interventions in individuals at risk of developing psychotic disorders (Fusar-Poli et al., 2020b). In these individuals, a prodromal period may present, during which they are found to be at high risk of developing psychotic disorders. Several descriptions of this prodromal period according to their characteristics and the features found have been piloted. While in some patients the risk of developing non-affective psychotic disorders as schizophrenia prevails, in others, the features they present put them at high risk of developing affective psychotic disorders such as bipolar disorder..

Por don Gonzalo Chacon Medina y Salazar, Cavallero del Orden de Calatrava, del Consejo de su Magestad, y Juntas de Armadas, Capitan General, que fue de la Armada de Galeones de la Guardia de las Indias, que vltimamente llegó de la Provincia de Tierra-firme à la Baía de Cadiz, y preso en la Ciudad de Sanlucar de Barrameda en la causa criminal, en que esta procediendo el Señor D. Antonio de Arguelles y Valdès, del Consejo de su Magestad, en el Real de las Indias en virtud de Real despacho, expedido por la via reservada, y se prosigue por el Abogado Fiscal nombrado, contra el dicho general D. Gonzalo Chacon Medina y Salazar sobre no aver ido al puerto de Santander, como se mandava por su Magestad, por sus Reales ordenes, y auer entrado con la Armada de su cargo en la Baía de Cadiz

Texto firmado por Juan de Molina Guerra, en Sevilla, 1688

Efficacy of remotely-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder: An updated meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials

INTRODUCTION: Despite remotely-delivered cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) being an emerging field, the evidence of its efficacy in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is limited. We aimed to estimate the efficacy of remotely-delivered CBT for OCD, compared to face-to-face CBT and non-CBT control conditions. METHODS: Randomised clinical trials (RCTs) identified through a systematic literature search of PubMed, Ovid/PsychINFO and Web of Science until 21/06/2021. Eligible studies included individuals with OCD evaluating at least one form of remotely-delivered CBT versus a control condition. Random-effects meta-analyses, sub-analyses, meta-regressions, heterogeneity analyses, publication bias assessment and quality assessment. RESULTS: Twenty-two RCTs were included (n = 1796, mean age = 27.7 years, females = 59.1 %). Remotely-delivered CBT was more efficacious than non-CBT control conditions for OCD symptoms (g = 0.936 95 % CI = 0.597-1.275, p < .001), depressive symptoms (g = 0.358, 95 % CI = 0.125-0.590, p = .003) and anxiety symptoms (g = 0.468, 95 % CI = 0.135-0.800, p = .006). There were no significant differences in efficacy between remotely-delivered CBT and face-to-face CBT for OCD symptoms (g = −0.104 95 % CI = −0.391-0.184, p = .479), depressive symptoms (g = 0.138, 95 % CI = −0.044-0.320, p = .138), anxiety symptoms (g = 0.166, 95 % CI = −0.456-0.780, p = .601) or quality of life (g = 0.057, 95 % CI = −0.178-0.292, p = .489). Higher baseline severity of OCD symptoms was associated with a lower efficacy of remotely-delivered CBT compared to face-to-face CBT (β = −0.092, p = .036). The quality of the included studies was mostly identified as “low risk of bias” (45.5 %) or “some concerns” (45.5 %). LIMITATIONS: Heterogeneity and limited evidence for some outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Remotely-delivered CBT appears efficacious in reducing OCD symptoms and other relevant outcomes and is therefore a viable option for increasing treatment access. Preliminary evidence suggests some individuals with severe OCD may benefit more from face-to-face than remotely-delivered CBT

Neurocognition and functioning in adolescents at clinical high risk for psychosis

BACKGROUND: Once psychosis has set in, it is difficult for patients to achieve full recovery. Prevention of psychosis and early intervention are promising for improving the outcomes of this disorder. In the last two decades, neurocognition has been studied as a biomarker for clinical-high risk for psychosis (CHR-P). However, neurocognitive functioning has been under-investigated in adolescents. METHODS: We enrolled 116 adolescents from 12 to 17years old (mean=15.27, SD=1.56; 76 females). This 3-year cohort study aimed to identify differences in neurocognitive and overall functioning in three groups of adolescent patients divided according to the semi-structured interview Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States (CAARMS): adolescents with established psychosis, adolescents with CHR-P, and adolescents not meeting either criteria (non-CHR-P). To differentiate the profiles, clinicians administered cognitive evaluation and neuropsychological tasks. Moreover, they filled in scales to assess their global, social, and role functioning and a questionnaire to assess the severity of the disease. RESULTS: We made a between-group comparison on neurocognitive measures and found that the CHR-P and the psychosis groups differed in processing speed (TMT-A; p=.002 in BVN categorial fluency (p=.018), and Rey-Osterrieth complex figure drawing from memory task (p=.014), with psychosis group showing worse performance. No differences emerged between non-CHR-P and CHR-P (p=.014) individuals. CHR-P had better functioning than the psychosis group but worse than the non-CHR-P one. CONCLUSIONS: These results confirm that neurocognition can be a helpful biomarker in identifying specific subgroups of adolescents with emerging psychopathology and help clinicians develop stratified preventive approaches.The present study was supported by the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente)

Diseño de cadenas de suministro para la industria de alfombras considerando el reciclaje

Este artículo propone un modelo de programación mixta entera lineal (MILP: Mixed-Integer Linear Programming) para representar el problema de diseño y planificación de cadenas de suministro de lazo cerrado (CLSC: Clo-sed Loop Supply Chain) de la industria de las alfombras. El problema abordado implica determinar la estructura óptima de la red, los productos y las cantidades a fabricar, transportar, almacenar y reciclar para garantizar la demanda de un determinado número de clientes. Una ventaja importante del enfoque propuesto es permitir una mejor comprensión del desempeño de la red considerando todo el ciclo de vida de las alfombras y las diferentes opciones para recuperar las materias primas. La función objetivo de la formulación es maximizar el beneficio total del ciclo de vida. La relevancia de la formulación se muestra con un ejemplo basado en un caso industrial que involucra la recuperación de materias primas de alfombras al final de su vida útil. A través de los experimentos numéricos realizados con la formulación propuesta para diferentes casos, se pudo apreciar el impacto relativo de las tasas de recuperación, los precios de venta de los productos finales y el valor de compra de las materias primas en la estructura de la red, los ingresos, costos y flujos de productos.Sociedad Argentina de Informática e Investigación Operativ

Association Between Specific Childhood Adversities and Symptom Dimensions in People With Psychosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Despite the accepted link between childhood abuse and positive psychotic symptoms, findings between other ad versities, such as neglect, and the remaining dimensions in people with psychosis have been inconsistent, with evidence not yet reviewed quantitatively. The aim of this study was to systematically examine quantitatively the association between broadly defined childhood adversity (CA), abuse (sexual/physical/emotional), and neglect (physical/emo tional) subtypes, with positive, negative, depressive, manic, and disorganized dimensions in those with psychosis. A search was conducted across EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and Cochrane Libraries using search terms related to psychosis population, CA, and psychopatholog ical dimensions. After reviewing for relevance, data were extracted, synthesized, and meta-analyzed. Forty-seven papers were identified, including 7379 cases across 40 studies examining positive, 37 negative, 20 depressive, 9 disorganized, and 13 manic dimensions. After adjustment for publication bias, general adversity was positively as sociated with all dimensions (ranging from r = 0.08 to r = 0.24). Most forms of abuse were associated with de pressive (ranging from r = 0.16 to r = 0.32), positive (ran ging from r = 0.14 to r = 0.16), manic (r = 0.13), and negative dimensions (ranging from r = 0.05 to r = 0.09), while neglect was only associated with negative (r = 0.13) and depressive dimensions (ranging from r = 0.16 to r = 0.20). When heterogeneity was found, it tended to be explained by one specific study. The depressive dimension was influenced by percentage of women (ranging from r = 0.83 to r = 1.36) and poor-quality scores (ranging from r = −0.21 and r = −0.059). Quality was judged as fair overall. Broadly defined adversity and forms of abuse increase transdimensional severity. Being exposed to ne glect during childhood seems to be exclusively related to negative and depressive dimensions suggesting specific effects

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program for Cannabis Use Cessation in First-Episode Psychosis Patients: A 1-Year Randomized Controlled Trial

Despite the negative influence of cannabis use on the development and prognosis of first-episode psychosis (FEP), there is little evidence on effective specific interventions for cannabis use cessation in FEP. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of a specific cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for cannabis cessation (CBT-CC) with treatment as usual (TAU) in FEP cannabis users. In this single-blind, 1-year randomized controlled trial, 65 participants were randomly assigned to CBT-CC or TAU. The primary outcome was the reduction in cannabis use severity. The CBT-CC group had a greater decrease in cannabis use severity and positive psychotic symptoms over time, and a greater improvement in functioning at post-treatment than TAU. The treatment response was also faster in the CBT-CC group, reducing cannabis use, anxiety, positive and general psychotic symptoms, and improving functioning earlier than TAU in the follow-up. Moreover, patients who stopped and/or reduced cannabis use during the follow-up, decreased psychotic symptoms and increased awareness of disease compared to those who continued using cannabis. Early intervention based on a specific CBT for cannabis cessation, may be effective in reducing cannabis use severity, in addition to improving clinical and functional outcomes of FEP cannabis users

Identificación estilos gerenciales administrativos vigentes y necesidades derivadas de formación en las empresas del sector industrial “producción, transformación y conservación de carne y derivados cárnicos” en el área metropolitana centro – occidente

El trabajo de investigación se centra en reconocer el estilo gerencial de los administradores de las empresas del subsector industrial “Producción, transformación y conservación de carne y sus derivados cárnicos” del ÁMCO. Se parte del diagnostico en las áreas como la comercial, financiera, conocimiento y tecnología, se identifica la orientación del estilo gerencial entre el humanística, tecnocrático, planificador y/o normativo, posteriormente se hace una correlación entre los estilos gerenciales, la productividad y competitividad de las empresas para generar propuestas a partir de los actores del desarrollo en la región como son: la universidad, el gobierno, y el sector empresaria