Electrical techniques for the measurement of deep states

AbstractWhen point defects, either intrinsic (such as vacancies or interstitials) or extrinsic (most impurities with the exception of shallow donors or acceptors) are introduced into a semiconductor, they can result in the occurrence of ‘deep states’. These are electronic levels that are not normally ionized at room temperature, but can affect both carrier concentrations and minority carrier lifetime. The purpose of this review is to provide an outline of the techniques that are commonly used to characterize deep defect states in terms of their electrical properties

Microstructural development during hot working of Mg-3AI-1Zn

he microstructural evolution is examined during the hot compression of magnesium alloy AZ31 for both wrought and as-cast initial microstructures. The influences of strain, temperature, and strain rate on the dynamically recrystallized microstructures are assessed. Both the percentage dynamic recrysallization (DRX) and the dynamically recrystallized grain size were found to be sensitive to the initial microstructure and the applied deformation conditions. Lower Z conditions (lower strain rates and higher temperatures) yield larger dynamically recrystallized grain sizes and increased percentages of DRX, as expected. The rate with which the percentage DRX increases for the as-cast material is considerably lower than for the wrought material. Also, in the as-cast samples, the percentage DRX does not continue to increase toward complete DRX with decreasing Z. These observations may be attributed to the deformation becoming localized in the DRX fraction of the material. Also, the dynamically recrystallized grain size is generally larger in as-cast material than in wrought material, which may be attributed to DRX related to twins and the inhomogeneity of deformation. Orientation maps of the as-cast material (from electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) data) reveal evidence of discontinuous DRX (DDRX) and DRX related to twins as predominant mechanisms, with some manifestation of continuous DRX (CDRX) and particle-stimulated nucleation (PSN).<br /

Hot deformation and recrystallization of austenitic stainless steel: part 1. dynamic recrystallization

The hot deformation behavior of a 304 austenitic stainless steel was investigated to characterize the evolution of the dynamically recrystallized structure as a starting point for studies of the postdeformation&nbsp; recrystallization behavior. The effect of different deformation parameters such as strain, strain rate, and temperature were investigated. The flow curves showed typical signs of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) over a wide range of temperatures and strain rates (i.e., different Zener&ndash;Hollomon (Z) values). However, under very high or very low Z values, the flow curves&rsquo; shapes changed toward those of the dynamic recovery and multiple peaks, respectively. The results showed that while DRX starts at a strain as low as 60 pct of the peak strain, a fully DRX microstructure needs a high strain of almost 4.5 times the initiation strain. The DRX average grain size showed power-law functions with both the Zener&ndash;Hollomon parameter and the peak stress, although power-law breakdown was observed at high Z values. <br /

Organic residue, limestone, gypsum, and phosphorus adsorption by lowland soils Resíduo orgânico, calcário e gesso e a adsorção de fósforo por solos de várzea

Organic residue application is a low cost alternative to reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers and correctives. In order to study the effect of organic residues, limestone and gypsum application on phosphorus adsorption by lowland soils, four experiments were carried out. A Mesic Organosol (OY), a Melanic Gleysol (MG), a Haplic Gleysol (GX), and a Fluvic Neosol (RU) were used in a completely randomized design and factorial scheme (3 x 2), with five replicates: three soil amendment practices (limestone, gypsum and no corrective) and two levels of organic residue (with and without corral manure). Soil samples were incubated for 60 days, with and without organic residue incorporation. After this period, we applied the corrective and incubated the soil for 30 days, then P and basic fertilization (macro and micronutrients) were applied and the soil was incubated for additional 60 days. Equilibrium phosphorus, maximum phosphate adsorption capacity, pH, exchangeable Al and phosphorus-buffering index were measured. Organic residue and limestone application increased soil pH and reduced exchangeable Al, decreasing P adsorption. Gypsum application did not increase the pH but reduced exchangeable Al and P adsorption.<br>A aplicação de resíduo orgânico é uma alternativa de baixo custo para reduzir a aplicação de fertilizantes inorgânicos e corretivos. Com objetivo de estudar a relação da aplicação de resíduo orgânico, calcário e gesso com adsorção de fósforo em solos de várzea conduziram-se simultaneamente quatro experimentos com os solos Organossolo Mésico (OY), Gleissolo Melânico (GM), Gleissolo Háplico (GX) e Neossolo Flúvico (RU). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x2, com cinco repetições, sendo três práticas de correção do solo (calcário, gesso e sem corretivo) e dois níveis de resíduo orgânico com e sem esterco de curral curtido. Amostras dos solos foram incubadas por 60 dias com e sem incorporação do resíduo orgânico; após este período, por mais 30 dias com os corretivos e em seguida por 60 dias com o fósforo e uma adubação básica com macro e micronutrientes. Determinaram-se o fósforo remanescente, capacidade máxima de adsorção de fósforo, pH, Al trocável e índice tampão de fósforo. A aplicação de resíduo orgânico, calcário - pela elevação do pH e redução dos teores de Al trocável - e gesso - pela redução de Al trocável - reduzem a adsorção de fósforo nos solos de várzea estudados