Blue Sky Law and Practice: An Overview

The securities law and regulations in effect from state to state can best be described as diverse. Compliance with these provisions requires a methodical approach involving detailed planning and control. As a practical guide to attorneys, the authors discuss the principal aspects of offering, selling and distributing securities

p75 neurotrophin receptor regulates energy balance in obesity

Obesity and metabolic syndrome reflect the dysregulation of molecular pathways that control energy homeostasis. Here, we show that the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) controls energy expenditure in obese mice on a high-fat diet (HFD). Despite no changes in food intake, p75NTR-null mice were protected from HFD-induced obesity and remained lean as a result of increased energy expenditure without developing insulin resistance or liver steatosis. p75NTR directly interacts with the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates cAMP signaling in adipocytes, leading to decreased lipolysis and thermogenesis. Adipocyte-specific depletion of p75NTR or transplantation of p75NTR-null white adipose tissue (WAT) into wild-type mice fed a HFD protected against weight gain and insulin resistance. Our results reveal that signaling from p75NTR to cAMP/PKA regulates energy balance and suggest that non-CNS neurotrophin receptor signaling could be a target for treating obesity and the metabolic syndrome

Sensitivity of CPT Tests with Neutral Mesons

The sensitivity of experiments with neutral mesons to possible indirect CPT violation is examined. It is shown that experiments conventionally regarded as equivalent can have CPT reaches differing by orders of magnitude within the framework of a minimal CPT- and Lorentz-violating extension of the standard model.Comment: 4 pages REVTeX, published in Physical Review Letter

Analogue Models for T and CPT Violation in Neutral-Meson Oscillations

Analogue models for CP violation in neutral-meson systems are studied in a general framework. No-go results are obtained for models in classical mechanics that are nondissipative or that involve one-dimensional oscillators. A complete emulation is shown to be possible for a two-dimensional oscillator with rheonomic constraints, and an explicit example with spontaneous T and CPT violation is presented. The results have implications for analogue models with electrical circuits.Comment: 9 page

CPT and Lorentz Tests in Hydrogen and Antihydrogen

Signals for CPT and Lorentz violation at the Planck scale may arise in hydrogen and antihydrogen spectroscopy. We show that certain 1S-2S and hyperfine transitions can exhibit theoretically detectable effects unsuppressed by any power of the fine-structure constant.Comment: 4 pages REVTeX, submitted for publicatio

Lorentz and CPT tests with spin-polarized solids

Experiments using macroscopic samples of spin-polarized matter offer exceptional sensitivity to Lorentz and CPT violation in the electron sector. Data from existing experiments with a spin-polarized torsion pendulum provide sensitivity in this sector rivaling that of all other existing experiments and could reveal spontaneous violation of Lorentz symmetry at the Planck scale.Comment: 4 pages, accepted for publication in Physical Review Letter

CPT, T, and Lorentz Violation in Neutral-Meson Oscillations

Tests of CPT and Lorentz symmetry using neutral-meson oscillations are studied within a formalism that allows for indirect CPT and T violation of arbitrary size and is independent of phase conventions. The analysis is particularly appropriate for studies of CPT and T violation in oscillations of the heavy neutral mesons D, B_d, and B_s. The general Lorentz- and CPT-breaking standard-model extension is used to derive an expression for the parameter for CPT violation. It varies in a prescribed way with the magnitude and orientation of the meson momentum and consequently also with sidereal time. Decay probabilities are presented for both uncorrelated and correlated mesons, and some implications for experiments are discussed.Comment: 11 pages, references added, accepted in Physical Review

Gravitational radiation from compact binary systems: gravitational waveforms and energy loss to second post-Newtonian order

We derive the gravitational waveform and gravitational-wave energy flux generated by a binary star system of compact objects (neutron stars or black holes), accurate through second post-Newtonian order ($O[(v/c)^4] \sim O[(Gm/rc^2)^2]$) beyond the lowest-order quadrupole approximation. We cast the Einstein equations into the form of a flat-spacetime wave equation together with a harmonic gauge condition, and solve it formally as a retarded integral over the past null cone of the chosen field point. The part of this integral that involves the matter sources and the near-zone gravitational field is evaluated in terms of multipole moments using standard techniques; the remainder of the retarded integral, extending over the radiation zone, is evaluated in a novel way. The result is a manifestly convergent and finite procedure for calculating gravitational radiation to arbitrary orders in a post-Newtonian expansion. Through second post-Newtonian order, the radiation is also shown to propagate toward the observer along true null rays of the asymptotically Schwarzschild spacetime, despite having been derived using flat spacetime wave equations. The method cures defects that plagued previous ``brute- force'' slow-motion approaches to the generation of gravitational radiation, and yields results that agree perfectly with those recently obtained by a mixed post-Minkowskian post-Newtonian method. We display explicit formulae for the gravitational waveform and the energy flux for two-body systems, both in arbitrary orbits and in circular orbits. In an appendix, we extend the formalism to bodies with finite spatial extent, and derive the spin corrections to the waveform and energy loss.Comment: 59 pages ReVTeX; Physical Review D, in press; figures available on request to [email protected]