Presjek prekršajne i kaznene odgovornosti u slovenskim općinama

Numerous legal procedures have been introduced into the Slovenian legal system to suppress unlawful conduct, such as the powers of the municipal warden service. The activities of the Slovenian municipal warden service could have an impact on the criminal procedure. After a brief introduction to the legal position of the municipal warden service, the author discusses the relevant powers of the Slovenian municipal warden service which could affect criminal procedures. It also focuses on the constitutional aspects of the municipal warden service’s powers and on the issue of the constitutional admissibility of such evidence in a criminal procedure. The article concludes with findings as to whether and under what conditions evidence is admissible in criminal procedure in Slovenia when obtained by the municipal warden service, and with proposals for legal and constitutionally conformant actions in practice.Novim Zakonom o komunalnom redarstvu (Zakon o občinskem redarstvu) lokalne jedinice komunalnog redarstva u Sloveniji stekle su ovlasti slične onima koje ima policija. Iako se njihovo djelovanje u prvom redu odnosi na prekršaje, djelovanje prometnih redara može izravno utjecati i na kazneni postupak; na primjer, može rezultirati prikupljanjem dokaza relevantnih za kazneni postupak. Prema čl. 18. slovenskog Zakona o kaznenom postupku sud ne može temeljiti svoju odluku na dokazima koji su pribavljeni kršenjem ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda zajamčenih Ustavom, dokazima koji su pribavljeni protivno odredbama Zakona o kaznenom postupku za koje je predviđeno da se ne smiju uporabiti kod donošenja sudske odluke te onim dokazima za koje se doznalo na temelju nezakonitih dokaza. To pravilo treba uzeti u obzir i prilikom prosuđivanja dopustivosti dokaza koje je pribavilo komunalno redarstvo. Stoga neće biti dopušteni dokazi koji su pribavljeni kršenjem ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda zajamčenih Ustavom. Također, sud ne smije temeljiti svoju odluku na dokazima koji su pribavljeni protivno odredbama Zakona o kaznenom postupku i za koje je predviđeno da se ne smiju uporabiti kod donošenja sudske odluke. To, međutim, ne treba tumačiti tako da komunalno redarstvo prilikom prikupljanja dokaza treba slijediti odredbe Zakona o kaznenom postupku, već bi bilo dovoljno da su dokazi pribavljeni u skladu sa zakonom koji uređuje odnosnu materiju kao lex specialis. Nadalje, komunalno redarstvo ne bi se smjelo koristiti svojim ovlastima malae fidei, tj. s namjerom pronalaska dokaza kaznenog djela. Svi ti zahtjevi mogu se pronaći u odlukama Ustavnog suda Republike Slovenije te Vrhovnog suda. Posebno relevantna u pogledu neizravnog utjecaja komunalnog redarstva na kazneni postupak jest i doktrina o “plodovima otrovne voćke”. Gledajući s poredbenog aspekta, pojedine zemlje imaju dugu i bogatu tradiciju lokalnog i/ili dobrovoljnog redarstva (Njemačka), dok su druge (Hrvatska) tek nedavno uvele komunalno redarstvo s ograničenim ovlastima. U svim slučajevima, međutim, uporaba tih ovlasti može rezultirati prikupljanjem dokaza koji mogu biti izravno ili neizravno relevantni za kazneni postupak. Kao i u Sloveniji, i u tim zemljama dopustivost takvih dokaza u kaznenom postupku ovisi o tome jesu li prikupljeni u skladu s ustavnim pravima, a ne prema strogo određenim standardima kaznenog postupka koji bi bili primjenljivi u tim parakaznenim postupcima. U skladu sa svim navedenim, temeljna teza rada može biti potvrđena. Stroža zakonska pravila Zakona o kaznenom postupku ne moraju biti ispunjena u pogledu dopustivosti u kaznenom postupku dokaza koje je pribavilo komunalno redarstvo, međutim oni moraju biti prikupljeni u skladu s ustavnim pravima te posebnim zakonskim odredbama kojima je uređeno djelovanje tih tijela

Регулювання самооборони в словенському та міжнародному кримінальному законодавстві

This paper discusses the regulation of self-defence in Slovenian and international criminal law. Firstly the elements of self-defence in international criminal law are discussed. The paper also analyses the influence of self-defence on the general definition of a criminal act. This is followed by drawing the distinction between similar defences; self-defence and putative self-defence on one hand and self-defence and necessity on the other. Paper is concluded by presentation of Slovenian regulation of self-defence from the viewpoint of international criminal law.В статье рассматриваются вопросы регулирования самообороны в словенском и международном уголовном законодательстве. Во-первых, обсуждаются элементы самообороны в международном уголовном праве. В статье также анализируется влияние самообороны на общее определение преступного деяния. Затем следует различие между аналогичными средствами защиты; самообороны и предполагаемой самообороны, с одной стороны, и самообороны и необходимости – с другой. Статья завершается представлением регулирования самообороны в Словении с точки зрения международного уголовного права.У статті розглядаються питання регулювання самооборони в словенському і міжнародному кримінальному законодавстві. По-перше, обговорюються елементи самооборони в міжнародному кримінальному праві. У статті також аналізується вплив самооборони на загальне визначення злочинного діяння. Потім – відмінність між аналогічними засобами захисту; самооборони і ймовірної самооборони, з одного боку, і самооборони і необхідності – з іншого. Стаття завершується розглядом регулювання самооборони у Словенії з точки зору міжнародного кримінального права

Neke psihološke i pravne karakteristike korištenja neubrojivosti u obrani na suđenjima za ratne zločine u Europi

In trials against war criminals, the defendants often plead not guilty by reason of insanity in an effort to avoid assuming responsibility for the charged acts. The paper discusses the history of the insanity defence and some factors that might explain why war crimes are committed. The authors concentrate primarily on the psychological elements of insanity and the reasons for extreme violence appearing at the individual level. Persons charged with war crimes often use post-traumatic stress disorder as the basis for an insanity defence. The authors also consider insanity from the perspective of international criminal law. By explicitly and precisely defining insanity, the Rome Statute moved away from the general provisions employed by the Nuremberg Tribunal, while at the same time making a clear distinction between insanity and incapacity for trial. Insanity may be a complete defence resulting in exclusion of the criminal act and exclusion of the offender’s culpability.Na suđenjima ratnim zločincima optuženici su se često izjašnjavali da nisu krivi zbog neubrojivosti u nastojanju da izbjegnu preuzimanje odgovornosti za kaznena djela za koja su optuženi. Rad razmatra povijest korištenja neubrojivosti za obranu i neke čimbenike koji bi mogli objasniti zašto su neki ratni zločini počinjeni. Autori se usredotočuju prvenstveno na psihološke elemente neubrojivosti i razloge za ekstremno nasilje, koje se pojavljuje na individualnoj razini. Osobe koje se terete za ratne zločine često koriste posttraumatski stresni poremećaj kao osnovu za korištenje neubrojivosti u obrani. Autori također razmatraju neubrojivost iz perspektive međunarodnog kaznenog prava. Rimski statut se sa izričitim i preciznim definiranjem neubrojivosti odmaknuo od općih odredaba, upotrjebljenih na Nürnberškom sudu, u isto vrijeme čineći jasnu razliku između neubrojivosti i nesposobnosti za suđenje. Neubrojivost može činiti cjelovitu obranu, koja rezultira isključenjem kaznenog djela i isključenjem krivnje počinitelja

Trgovanje z orožjem kot oblika pomoči pri mednarodnem hudodelstvu

The provision of arms for the commission of crimes is one of the typical forms of aiding and abetting. This article discusses arms trafficking as a form of aiding and abetting the commission of core crimes. It opens with a discussion of aiding and abetting as a form of complicity in the Rome Statute and the case law of the International Criminal Court. Furthermore, the article also analyses the regulation of legal arms trafficking in international and European law. Accordingly, the international criminal law further regulates illegal arms trafficking as an international crime and as complicity to core crimes. Therefore, the article first presents arms trafficking as an international crime and subsequently discusses arms trafficking as complicity in core crimes. The article concludes with a discussion on the regulation of arms trafficking in Slovene law, beginning with legal arms trafficking according to the Firearms Act-1 and ending with illegal arms trafficking as a crime.Ena izmed tipičnih oblik pomoči je zagotovitev sredstva za izvršitev kaznivega dejanja. Članek tako obravnava trgovanje z orožjem kot obliko pomoči pri izvršitvi mednarodnega hudodelstva. Prvo poglavje najprej predstavlja pomoč kot obliko udeležbe na podlagi ureditve Rimskega statuta in sodne prakse Mednarodnega kazenskega sodišča. Potem članek obravnava ureditev zakonitega trgovanja z orožjem v mednarodnem in evropskem pravu. Na tej podlagi potem mednarodno kazensko pravo opredeljuje trgovanje z orožjem kot mednarodno pogodbeno kaznivo dejanje ter kot udeležbo pri mednarodnem hudodelstvu, kar je predstavljeno v nadaljevanju. Članek se zaključi z obravnavanjem slovenske ureditve trgovanja z orožjemtako s predstavitvijo pogojev za zakonito trgovanje z orožjem po Zakonu o orožju-1 kot tudi s predstavitvijo trgovanja z orožjem kot kaznivega dejanja

Borders of communication privacy in Slovenian criminal procedure

Due to fast technological development and our constant communication protection of communication privacy in every aspect of our (legal) life has become more important than ever before. Regarding protection of privacy in criminal procedure special emphasis should be given to the regulation of privacy in Slovenian Constitution and its interpretation in the case law of the Constitutional Court. This paper presents the definition of privacy and communication privacy in Slovenian constitutional law and exposes the main issues of communication privacy that have been discussed in the case law of the Constitutional Court in the last twenty years. Thereby the paper tries to show the general trend in the case law of Constitutional Court regarding the protection of communication privacy and to expose certain unsolved issues and unanswered challenges. Slovenian constitutional regulation of communication privacy is very protective, considering the broad definition of privacy and the strict conditions for encroachment of communication privacy. The case law of Slovenian Constitutional Court has also shown such trend, with the possible exception of the recent decision on a dynamic IP address. The importance of this decision is however significant, since it could be applicable to all forms of communication via internet, the prevailing form of communication nowadays. Certain challenges still lay ahead, such as the current proposal for the amendment of Criminal Procedure Act-M, which includes the use of IMSI catchers and numerous unanswered issues regarding data retention after the decisive annulment of its partial legal basis by the Constitutional Court

Intoxication and Criminal liability in International Criminal law

Zgaga Sabina - Assistant Professor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, PhD (Law). Address: 8 Kotnikova, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia. E-mail: [email protected] principle of actio libera in causa or the effect of a perpetrator’s voluntary intoxication on the existence of a criminal act is controversial in international criminal law. The present legislation, as contained in the Rome Statute, is a compromise between different legal systems. It allows the exclusion of a criminal act based on the fact that the perpetrator was involuntarily intoxicated and he or she cannot be ascribed guilt for the act of intoxication and the criminal act. In the Rome Statute the actio libera in causa principle has three elements, composed similarly of the insanity defence due to biological (intoxication), or psychological (the inability to control actions or understand their consequences), and the third negative condition (nonexistence of guiltfor the criminal act). The Rome Statute does not deal with diminished mental capacity due to intoxication and also does not contain stipulations regarding the conditions of a generally diminished mental capacity. I propose that the International Criminal Court finds support in the above-mentioned three elements of the principle of actio libera in causa by acknowledging that a perpetrator’s capacity to understand or control his or her actions is partially diminished, not totally absent.Zgaga Sabina - Assistant Professor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, PhD (Law). Address: 8 Kotnikova, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia. E-mail: [email protected] principle of actio libera in causa or the effect of a perpetrator’s voluntary intoxication on the existence of a criminal act is controversial in international criminal law. The present legislation, as contained in the Rome Statute, is a compromise between different legal systems. It allows the exclusion of a criminal act based on the fact that the perpetrator was involuntarily intoxicated and he or she cannot be ascribed guilt for the act of intoxication and the criminal act. In the Rome Statute the actio libera in causa principle has three elements, composed similarly of the insanity defence due to biological (intoxication), or psychological (the inability to control actions or understand their consequences), and the third negative condition (nonexistence of guiltfor the criminal act). The Rome Statute does not deal with diminished mental capacity due to intoxication and also does not contain stipulations regarding the conditions of a generally diminished mental capacity. I propose that the International Criminal Court finds support in the above-mentioned three elements of the principle of actio libera in causa by acknowledging that a perpetrator’s capacity to understand or control his or her actions is partially diminished, not totally absent

Quis custodiet ipsos custodes

Mednarodno kazensko pravo se je dolgo osredotočalo predvsem na zagotavljanje kazenske odgovornosti storilcev mednarodnih hudodelstev, a mora to zagotoviti tudi v okviru poštenega kazenskega postopka. V zvezi s tem se zastavlja vprašanje, ali za zagotavljanje zakonitosti postopka potrebujemo tudi zunanji nadzor. To je postalo relevantno predvsem z ustanovitvijo stalnega Mednarodnega kazenskega sodišča. Prispevek preverja hipotezo, da Rimski statut pozna ustaljene možnosti uveljavljanja pravic obdolženca, da pa bi bil kljub temu potreben zunanji nadzor. Na začetku obravnava obstoječe možnosti uveljavljanja oziroma sankcioniranja kršitev človekovih pravic v postopku pred MKSpreko vlaganja pravnih sredstev, kazenske, civilne ali odškodninske odgovornosti ali izločitve nedopustnih dokazov. Drugi del prispevka pa vsebuje razmislek o vključitvi MKS v obstoječe univerzalne, regionalne ali nacionalne nadzorne mehanizme.International criminal law has been long focusing on providing criminal responsibility to perpetrators of international crimes and preventing their impunity, but it also has to provide fair trial at the same time. In connection to this an issue arises, whether the legality of the procedure has to be ensured by external supervision. That became especially relevant with the establishment of a permanent International Criminal Court (the ICC). This paper therefore tries to verify the hypothesis that the Rome Statute includes all the regular mechanisms for protection of the defendant´s rights, but the external supervision is still required. The paper firstly discussed the existing possibility of protection of the defendant´s rights in the ICC - means of invoking or sanctioning violations of these rights through legal remedies, criminal, civil and tort liability or inadmissibility of evidence. Second part of the paper includes thoughts on possibility of the ICC joining the existing universal, regional or national supervisory mechanisms

BORDERS OF COMMUNICATION PRIVACY IN SLOVENIAN CRIMINAL PROCEDURE – CONSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES

Due to fast technological development and our constant communication protection of communication privacy in every aspect of our (legal) life has become more important than ever before. Regarding protection of privacy in criminal procedure special emphasis should be given to the regulation of privacy in Slovenian Constitution and its interpretation in the case law of the Constitutional Court. This paper presents the definition of privacy and communication privacy in Slovenian constitutional law and exposes the main issues of communication privacy that have been discussed in the case law of the Constitutional Court in the last twenty years. Thereby the paper tries to show the general trend in the case law of Constitutional Court regarding the protection of communication privacy and to expose certain unsolved issues and unanswered challenges. Slovenian constitutional regulation of communication privacy is very protective, considering the broad definition of privacy and the strict conditions for encroachment of communication privacy. The case law of Slovenian Constitutional Court has also shown such trend, with the possible exception of the recent decision on a dynamic IP address. The importance of this decision is however significant, since it could be applicable to all forms of communication via internet, the prevailing form of communication nowadays. Certain challenges still lay ahead, such as the current proposal for the amendment of Criminal Procedure Act-M, which includes the use of IMSI catchers and numerous unanswered issues regarding data retention after the decisive annulment of its partial legal basis by the Constitutional Court

Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes: Protection of Human Rights at the International Criminal Court (Quis custodiet ipsos custodes: zaščita človekovih pravic v postopku pred Mednarodnim kazenskim sodiščem)

International criminal law has been long focusing on providing criminal responsibility to perpetrators of international crimes and preventing their impunity, but it also has to provide fair trial at the same time. In connection to this an issue arises, whether the legality of the procedure has to be ensured by external supervision. That became especially relevant with the establishment of a permanent International Criminal Court (the ICC). This paper therefore tries to verify the hypothesis that the Rome Statute includes all the regular mechanisms for protection of the defendant’s rights, but the external supervision is still required. The paper firstly discussed the existing possibility of protection of the defendant’s rights in the ICC − means of invoking or sanctioning violations of these rights through legal remedies, criminal, civil and tort liability or inadmissibility of evidence. Second part of the paper includes thoughts on possibility of the ICC joining the existing universal, regional or national supervisory mechanisms

Arms Trafficking: Aiding and Abetting Core Crimes

The provision of arms for the commission of crimes is one of the typical forms of aiding and abetting. This article discusses arms trafficking as a form of aiding and abetting the commission of core crimes. It opens with a discussion of aiding and abetting as a form of complicity in the Rome Statute and the case law of the International Criminal Court. Furthermore, the article also analyses the regulation of legal arms trafficking in international and European law. Accordingly, the international criminal law further regulates illegal arms trafficking as an international crime and as complicity to core crimes. Therefore, the article first presents arms trafficking as an international crime and subsequently discusses arms trafficking as complicity in core crimes. The article concludes with a discussion on the regulation of arms trafficking in Slovene law, beginning with legal arms trafficking according to the Firearms Act-1 and ending with illegal arms trafficking as a crime