A computational analysis of under-expanded jets in the hypersonic regime

Underexpanded axisymmetric jets are studied numerically using a full Navier-Stokes solver. Emphasis has been given to supersonic and hypersonic jets in supersonic and hypersonic ambient flows, a phenomenon previously overlooked. It is demonstrated that the shear layers and shock patterns in a jet plume can be captured without complicated viscous/inviscid and subsonic/supersonic coupling schemes. In addition, a supersonic pressure relief effect has been identified for underexpanded jets in supersonic ambient flows. While it is well known that an underexpanded jet in a quiescent ambience (or subsonic ambience) contains multiple shock cells, the present study shows that because of the supersonic pressure relief effect, an underexpanded jet in a supersonic or hypersonic ambience contains only one major shock cell

Marginalising instrument systematics in HST WFC3 transit lightcurves

Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) infrared observations at 1.1-1.7$\mu$m probe primarily the H$_2$O absorption band at 1.4$\mu$m, and has provided low resolution transmission spectra for a wide range of exoplanets. We present the application of marginalisation based on Gibson (2014) to analyse exoplanet transit lightcurves obtained from HST WFC3, to better determine important transit parameters such as R$_p$/R$_*$, important for accurate detections of H$_2$O. We approximate the evidence, often referred to as the marginal likelihood, for a grid of systematic models using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). We then calculate the evidence-based weight assigned to each systematic model and use the information from all tested models to calculate the final marginalised transit parameters for both the band-integrated, and spectroscopic lightcurves to construct the transmission spectrum. We find that a majority of the highest weight models contain a correction for a linear trend in time, as well as corrections related to HST orbital phase. We additionally test the dependence on the shift in spectral wavelength position over the course of the observations and find that spectroscopic wavelength shifts $\delta_\lambda(\lambda)$, best describe the associated systematic in the spectroscopic lightcurves for most targets, while fast scan rate observations of bright targets require an additional level of processing to produce a robust transmission spectrum. The use of marginalisation allows for transparent interpretation and understanding of the instrument and the impact of each systematic evaluated statistically for each dataset, expanding the ability to make true and comprehensive comparisons between exoplanet atmospheres.Comment: 19 pages, 13 figures, 8 tables, Accepted to Ap

Lowering and Raising Operators for the Orthogonal Group in the Chain O(n) ⊃ O(n − 1) ⊃ … , and their Graphs

Normalized lowering and raising operators are constructed for the orthogonal group in the canonical group chain O(n) ⊃ O(n − 1) ⊃ … ⊃ O(2) with the aid of graphs which simplify their construction. By successive application of such lowering operators for O(n), O(n − 1), … on the highest weight states for each step of the chain, an explicit construction is given for the normalized basis vectors. To illustrate the usefulness of the construction, a derivation is given of the Gel'fand‐Zetlin matrix elements of the infinitesimal generators of O(n).Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/70553/2/JMAPAQ-8-6-1233-1.pd

On the Wigner Supermultiplet Scheme

Calculation of Wigner and Racah coefficients for the group SU(4)⊃[SU(2)×SU(2)]SU(4)⊃[SU(2)×SU(2)] make it possible to perform the spin—isospin sums in the cfp (fractional parentage coefficients) expansion of the matrix elements of one‐ and two‐body operators in the Wigner supermultiplet scheme. The SU(4) coefficients needed to evaluate one‐ and two‐particle cfp's, the matrix elements of one‐body operators, and the diagonal matrix elements of two‐body operators are calculated in general algebraic form for many‐particle states characterized by the SU(4) irreducible representations [yy0], [y y − 1 0], [yy1], [y11], [y y − 1 y − 1], [y10], [yy y − 1], [y00], and [yyy], whose states are specified completely by the spin and isospin quantum numbers (y = arbitrary integer). Applications are made to the calculation of the matrix elements of the complete space‐scalar part of the Coulomb interaction and the space‐scalar part of the particle‐hole interaction for nucleons in different major oscillator shells.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/70485/2/JMAPAQ-10-9-1571-1.pd

Numerical study of unsteady shockwave reflections using an upwind TVD scheme

An unsteady TVD Navier-Stokes solver was developed and applied to the problem of shock reflection on a circular cylinder. The obtained numerical results were compared with the Schlieren photos from an experimental study. These results show that the present computer code has the ability of capturing moving shocks

Languages and Learning at Key Stage 2: A Longitudinal Study Final Report

In 2006, The Open University, the University of Southampton and Canterbury Christ Church University were commissioned by the then Department for Education and Skills (DfES), now Department for Children, Schools and Families (DCSF) to conduct a three-year longitudinal study of languages learning at Key Stage 2 (KS2). The qualitative study was designed to explore provision, practice and developments over three school years between 2006/07 and 2008/09 in a sample of primary schools and explore children’s achievement in oracy and literacy, as well as the possible broader cross-curricular impact of languages learning

Thermal wave resonant cavity technique in measuring thermal diffusivity of sucrose solution

The thermal-wave resonant cavity technique has been used to measure thermal diffusivity of sucrose solution with precision up to three-significant-figure. The thermal diffusivity of the solution decreases linearly with the increase of sucrose weight percentage and agrees to the simple mixture rule in the range up to a saturated point. Also the solution thermal diffusivity varies linearly with square FWHM. The thermal diffusivity value of water is very close to the literature value

Cross-Generational Reproductive Fitness Enforced by Microchimeric Maternal Cells

SummaryExposure to maternal tissue during in utero development imprints tolerance to immunologically foreign non-inherited maternal antigens (NIMA) that persists into adulthood. The biological advantage of this tolerance, conserved across mammalian species, remains unclear. Here, we show maternal cells that establish microchimerism in female offspring during development promote systemic accumulation of immune suppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs) with NIMA specificity. NIMA-specific Tregs expand during pregnancies sired by males expressing alloantigens with overlapping NIMA specificity, thereby averting fetal wastage triggered by prenatal infection and non-infectious disruptions of fetal tolerance. Therefore, exposure to NIMA selectively enhances reproductive success in second-generation females carrying embryos with overlapping paternally inherited antigens. These findings demonstrate that genetic fitness, canonically thought to be restricted to Mendelian inheritance, is enhanced in female placental mammals through vertically transferred maternal cells that promote conservation of NIMA and enforce cross-generational reproductive benefits

Technique for bulk Fermiology by photoemission applied to layered ruthenates

We report the Fermi surfaces of the superconductor Sr2RuO4 and the non-superconductor Sr1.8Ca0.2RuO4 probed by bulk-sensitive high-energy angle-resolved photoemission. It is found that there is one square-shaped hole-like, one square-shaped electron-like and one circle-shaped electron-like Fermi surface in both compounds. These results provide direct evidence for nesting instability giving rise to magnetic fluctuations. Our study clarifies that the electron correlation effects are changed with composition depending on the individual band.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures including 2 color figure

Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Premature Ventricular Complexes

Premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) are the most common ventricular arrhythmia. Despite the high prevalence, the cause of PVCs remains elusive in most patients. A better understanding of the underlying pathophysiological mechanism may help to steer future research. This review aims to provide an overview of the potential pathophysiological mechanisms of PVCs and their differentiation