STUDY OF THE CONTENT OF STILBENES ON GRAPE CANES WASTE. USE OF FOOD BY-PRODUCTS AS NATURAL PESTICIDES ON GRAPEVINE

Grapes (genus Vitis) are an important fruit crop from economic and cultural point of view in many countries of Europe, Asia and America. Currently, countries as France, Spain and Italy produce on average 7% of the fresh grape and 90% of the wine grape. At the same time, chemical pesticides are a ubiquitous element in agriculture and are among the most widely used chemicals in the world. In addition, grape canes represent a large source of waste derived from the viticulture industry, with an estimated volume of 1−3 t/ha/year. Likewise, the seafood processing industry produces a large quantity of by-products and discards (heads, tails, skins, scales, viscera, backbones, and shells). Yet, these food wastes may often contain several usable substances of high value including grape cane extract and chitosan that may have important environment, agriculture and health benefits. Considering this important topic, this work proposes the use of by-products from grape cane waste (stilbene extract) and the fishing industry (chitosan), as substitutes of pesticides on grapevine against Botrytis cinerea. In the present study, the effect of different processes of storage and different pruning time on the stilbene accumulation on Pinot noir canes was investigated. Considering the effect of different processes of storage and different pruning time on the stilbene accumulation on Pinot noir canes, stilbene extract could be easily obtained collecting canes on the pruning time in December and storing them for 12 weeks at room temperature to reach the highest accumulation of stilbenes. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of the stilbene accumulation on grape canes of seven autochthonous grape varieties from Veneto region. The cultivars Verdiso and Incrocio Manzoni 13.0.25 showed the highest accumulation of stilbenes when harvested in October and stored for twelve weeks at room temperature, highlighting the importance of the cultivar on stilbene accumulation. Chitosan is a highly investigated biopolymer with well-known antimicrobial properties, that are largely influenced by the molecular weight, the degree of acetylation as well as the derivatization and preparation methods used. The biological activity of a commercial chitosan soluble in acid solution, obtained from shrimp shell waste, with a molecular weight of 173 kDa and a degree of acetylation of 17% was investigate. Exogenous application of stilbene extract or chitosan demonstrated to protect grapevine against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Stilbene extract (SE) demonstrated to induce satisfactory protection toward Botrytis cinerea on grapevine plants, thus being a promising natural fungicide. SE possessed a direct antifungal activity inferred by the inhibitory effect Grapes (genus Vitis) are an important fruit crop from economic and cultural point of view in many countries of Europe, Asia and America. Currently, countries as France, Spain and Italy produce on average 7% of the fresh grape and 90% of the wine grape. At the same time, chemical pesticides are a ubiquitous element in agriculture and are among the most widely used chemicals in the world. In addition, grape canes represent a large source of waste derived from the viticulture industry, with an estimated volume of 1−3 t/ha/year. Likewise, the seafood processing industry produces a large quantity of by-products and discards (heads, tails, skins, scales, viscera, backbones, and shells). Yet, these food wastes may often contain several usable substances of high value including grape cane extract and chitosan that may have important environment, agriculture and health benefits. Considering this important topic, this work proposes the use of by-products from grape cane waste (stilbene extract) and the fishing industry (chitosan), as substitutes of pesticides on grapevine against Botrytis cinerea. In the present study, the effect of different processes of storage and different pruning time on the stilbene accumulation on Pinot noir canes was investigated. Considering the effect of different processes of storage and different pruning time on the stilbene accumulation on Pinot noir canes, stilbene extract could be easily obtained collecting canes on the pruning time in December and storing them for 12 weeks at room temperature to reach the highest accumulation of stilbenes. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of the stilbene accumulation on grape canes of seven autochthonous grape varieties from Veneto region. The cultivars Verdiso and Incrocio Manzoni 13.0.25 showed the highest accumulation of stilbenes when harvested in October and stored for twelve weeks at room temperature, highlighting the importance of the cultivar on stilbene accumulation. Chitosan is a highly investigated biopolymer with well-known antimicrobial properties, that are largely influenced by the molecular weight, the degree of acetylation as well as the derivatization and preparation methods used. The biological activity of a commercial chitosan soluble in acid solution, obtained from shrimp shell waste, with a molecular weight of 173 kDa and a degree of acetylation of 17% was investigate. Exogenous application of stilbene extract or chitosan demonstrated to protect grapevine against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Stilbene extract (SE) demonstrated to induce satisfactory protection toward Botrytis cinerea on grapevine plants, thus being a promising natural fungicide. SE possessed a direct antifungal activity inferred by the inhibitory effect Grapes (genus Vitis) are an important fruit crop from economic and cultural point of view in many countries of Europe, Asia and America. Currently, countries as France, Spain and Italy produce on average 7% of the fresh grape and 90% of the wine grape. At the same time, chemical pesticides are a ubiquitous element in agriculture and are among the most widely used chemicals in the world. In addition, grape canes represent a large source of waste derived from the viticulture industry, with an estimated volume of 1−3 t/ha/year. Likewise, the seafood processing industry produces a large quantity of by-products and discards (heads, tails, skins, scales, viscera, backbones, and shells). Yet, these food wastes may often contain several usable substances of high value including grape cane extract and chitosan that may have important environment, agriculture and health benefits. Considering this important topic, this work proposes the use of by-products from grape cane waste (stilbene extract) and the fishing industry (chitosan), as substitutes of pesticides on grapevine against Botrytis cinerea. In the present study, the effect of different processes of storage and different pruning time on the stilbene accumulation on Pinot noir canes was investigated. Considering the effect of different processes of storage and different pruning time on the stilbene accumulation on Pinot noir canes, stilbene extract could be easily obtained collecting canes on the pruning time in December and storing them for 12 weeks at room temperature to reach the highest accumulation of stilbenes. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of the stilbene accumulation on grape canes of seven autochthonous grape varieties from Veneto region. The cultivars Verdiso and Incrocio Manzoni 13.0.25 showed the highest accumulation of stilbenes when harvested in October and stored for twelve weeks at room temperature, highlighting the importance of the cultivar on stilbene accumulation. Chitosan is a highly investigated biopolymer with well-known antimicrobial properties, that are largely influenced by the molecular weight, the degree of acetylation as well as the derivatization and preparation methods used. The biological activity of a commercial chitosan soluble in acid solution, obtained from shrimp shell waste, with a molecular weight of 173 kDa and a degree of acetylation of 17% was investigate. Exogenous application of stilbene extract or chitosan demonstrated to protect grapevine against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Stilbene extract (SE) demonstrated to induce satisfactory protection toward Botrytis cinerea on grapevine plants, thus being a promising natural fungicide. SE possessed a direct antifungal activity inferred by the inhibitory effect of the mycelium growth observed on nutrient agar medium and through the reduction of the necrotic lesions caused by B. cinerea on grapevine leaves. Furthermore, it was verified that the acquired protection derived also from an induction of some grapevine defense mechanisms. After its perception, SE induced specific defense events, such as the activation of MAPKs and a higher expression of a gene encoding a glutathione-S-transferase (GST1) and some PR genes, but negatively regulated new stilbene production. This result suggests the activation of an immune-ready state on SE-treated plants. Besides, thanks to direct fungistatic activity and filmogenic properties chitosan (173/17) conferred a good level of protection for grapevine leaves against B. cinerea. Moreover, it induced grapevine defense response with some delay. From three days from the treatment there was an induction of the JA/ET-mediated response and a repression of the SA-mediated signaling, and a transient accumulation of trans-resveratrol. The finding demonstrated that these food byproducts derived from the practice of viticulture and from the fishing industry, respectively, could be an alternative for the development of novel natural fungicides

STUDY OF THE CONTENT OF STILBENES ON GRAPE CANES WASTE. USE OF FOOD BY-PRODUCTS AS NATURAL PESTICIDES ON GRAPEVINE

Grapes (genus Vitis) are an important fruit crop from economic and cultural point of view in many countries of Europe, Asia and America. Currently, countries as France, Spain and Italy produce on average 7% of the fresh grape and 90% of the wine grape. At the same time, chemical pesticides are a ubiquitous element in agriculture and are among the most widely used chemicals in the world. In addition, grape canes represent a large source of waste derived from the viticulture industry, with an estimated volume of 1−3 t/ha/year. Likewise, the seafood processing industry produces a large quantity of by-products and discards (heads, tails, skins, scales, viscera, backbones, and shells). Yet, these food wastes may often contain several usable substances of high value including grape cane extract and chitosan that may have important environment, agriculture and health benefits. Considering this important topic, this work proposes the use of by-products from grape cane waste (stilbene extract) and the fishing industry (chitosan), as substitutes of pesticides on grapevine against Botrytis cinerea. In the present study, the effect of different processes of storage and different pruning time on the stilbene accumulation on Pinot noir canes was investigated. Considering the effect of different processes of storage and different pruning time on the stilbene accumulation on Pinot noir canes, stilbene extract could be easily obtained collecting canes on the pruning time in December and storing them for 12 weeks at room temperature to reach the highest accumulation of stilbenes. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of the stilbene accumulation on grape canes of seven autochthonous grape varieties from Veneto region. The cultivars Verdiso and Incrocio Manzoni 13.0.25 showed the highest accumulation of stilbenes when harvested in October and stored for twelve weeks at room temperature, highlighting the importance of the cultivar on stilbene accumulation. Chitosan is a highly investigated biopolymer with well-known antimicrobial properties, that are largely influenced by the molecular weight, the degree of acetylation as well as the derivatization and preparation methods used. The biological activity of a commercial chitosan soluble in acid solution, obtained from shrimp shell waste, with a molecular weight of 173 kDa and a degree of acetylation of 17% was investigate. Exogenous application of stilbene extract or chitosan demonstrated to protect grapevine against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Stilbene extract (SE) demonstrated to induce satisfactory protection toward Botrytis cinerea on grapevine plants, thus being a promising natural fungicide. SE possessed a direct antifungal activity inferred by the inhibitory effect Grapes (genus Vitis) are an important fruit crop from economic and cultural point of view in many countries of Europe, Asia and America. Currently, countries as France, Spain and Italy produce on average 7% of the fresh grape and 90% of the wine grape. At the same time, chemical pesticides are a ubiquitous element in agriculture and are among the most widely used chemicals in the world. In addition, grape canes represent a large source of waste derived from the viticulture industry, with an estimated volume of 1−3 t/ha/year. Likewise, the seafood processing industry produces a large quantity of by-products and discards (heads, tails, skins, scales, viscera, backbones, and shells). Yet, these food wastes may often contain several usable substances of high value including grape cane extract and chitosan that may have important environment, agriculture and health benefits. Considering this important topic, this work proposes the use of by-products from grape cane waste (stilbene extract) and the fishing industry (chitosan), as substitutes of pesticides on grapevine against Botrytis cinerea. In the present study, the effect of different processes of storage and different pruning time on the stilbene accumulation on Pinot noir canes was investigated. Considering the effect of different processes of storage and different pruning time on the stilbene accumulation on Pinot noir canes, stilbene extract could be easily obtained collecting canes on the pruning time in December and storing them for 12 weeks at room temperature to reach the highest accumulation of stilbenes. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of the stilbene accumulation on grape canes of seven autochthonous grape varieties from Veneto region. The cultivars Verdiso and Incrocio Manzoni 13.0.25 showed the highest accumulation of stilbenes when harvested in October and stored for twelve weeks at room temperature, highlighting the importance of the cultivar on stilbene accumulation. Chitosan is a highly investigated biopolymer with well-known antimicrobial properties, that are largely influenced by the molecular weight, the degree of acetylation as well as the derivatization and preparation methods used. The biological activity of a commercial chitosan soluble in acid solution, obtained from shrimp shell waste, with a molecular weight of 173 kDa and a degree of acetylation of 17% was investigate. Exogenous application of stilbene extract or chitosan demonstrated to protect grapevine against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Stilbene extract (SE) demonstrated to induce satisfactory protection toward Botrytis cinerea on grapevine plants, thus being a promising natural fungicide. SE possessed a direct antifungal activity inferred by the inhibitory effect Grapes (genus Vitis) are an important fruit crop from economic and cultural point of view in many countries of Europe, Asia and America. Currently, countries as France, Spain and Italy produce on average 7% of the fresh grape and 90% of the wine grape. At the same time, chemical pesticides are a ubiquitous element in agriculture and are among the most widely used chemicals in the world. In addition, grape canes represent a large source of waste derived from the viticulture industry, with an estimated volume of 1−3 t/ha/year. Likewise, the seafood processing industry produces a large quantity of by-products and discards (heads, tails, skins, scales, viscera, backbones, and shells). Yet, these food wastes may often contain several usable substances of high value including grape cane extract and chitosan that may have important environment, agriculture and health benefits. Considering this important topic, this work proposes the use of by-products from grape cane waste (stilbene extract) and the fishing industry (chitosan), as substitutes of pesticides on grapevine against Botrytis cinerea. In the present study, the effect of different processes of storage and different pruning time on the stilbene accumulation on Pinot noir canes was investigated. Considering the effect of different processes of storage and different pruning time on the stilbene accumulation on Pinot noir canes, stilbene extract could be easily obtained collecting canes on the pruning time in December and storing them for 12 weeks at room temperature to reach the highest accumulation of stilbenes. Moreover, we analyzed the effect of the stilbene accumulation on grape canes of seven autochthonous grape varieties from Veneto region. The cultivars Verdiso and Incrocio Manzoni 13.0.25 showed the highest accumulation of stilbenes when harvested in October and stored for twelve weeks at room temperature, highlighting the importance of the cultivar on stilbene accumulation. Chitosan is a highly investigated biopolymer with well-known antimicrobial properties, that are largely influenced by the molecular weight, the degree of acetylation as well as the derivatization and preparation methods used. The biological activity of a commercial chitosan soluble in acid solution, obtained from shrimp shell waste, with a molecular weight of 173 kDa and a degree of acetylation of 17% was investigate. Exogenous application of stilbene extract or chitosan demonstrated to protect grapevine against the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Stilbene extract (SE) demonstrated to induce satisfactory protection toward Botrytis cinerea on grapevine plants, thus being a promising natural fungicide. SE possessed a direct antifungal activity inferred by the inhibitory effect of the mycelium growth observed on nutrient agar medium and through the reduction of the necrotic lesions caused by B. cinerea on grapevine leaves. Furthermore, it was verified that the acquired protection derived also from an induction of some grapevine defense mechanisms. After its perception, SE induced specific defense events, such as the activation of MAPKs and a higher expression of a gene encoding a glutathione-S-transferase (GST1) and some PR genes, but negatively regulated new stilbene production. This result suggests the activation of an immune-ready state on SE-treated plants. Besides, thanks to direct fungistatic activity and filmogenic properties chitosan (173/17) conferred a good level of protection for grapevine leaves against B. cinerea. Moreover, it induced grapevine defense response with some delay. From three days from the treatment there was an induction of the JA/ET-mediated response and a repression of the SA-mediated signaling, and a transient accumulation of trans-resveratrol. The finding demonstrated that these food byproducts derived from the practice of viticulture and from the fishing industry, respectively, could be an alternative for the development of novel natural fungicides

Avaliação do potencial nutricional e de compostos bioativos em plantas alimentícias não convencionais do Rio Grande do Sul

A região Sul aparece com destaque na biodiversidade vegetal devido à sua gama única de clima e relevo. Além disso, a falta de pesquisa dessas plantas as torna subutilizadas e conhecidas como "plantas do mato". Embora algumas plantas nativas estão sendo domesticadas, a utilização potencial de muitas espécies não foi ainda explorada e caracterizada. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características nutricionais de três espécies do Sul do Brasil através da composição nutricional, determinação dos compostos fenólicos totais e pigmentos totais, quantificação de compostos bioativos individuais e avaliação da atividade antioxidante utilizando métodos diferentes. Além, dos compostos que contribuem para a atividade antioxidante em dois diferentes extratos. A polpa Opuntia monacantha (Willd) Haw foi promissora, especialmente em comparação com outras espécies do mesmo gênero Opuntia. A O. monacantha apresentou altos níveis de carotenoides (luteína 133,04 ± 0,84 mg/ g peso seco (ps) e β - caroteno 102,42 ± 0,94 mg/ g ps), flavonoides (luteolina 440 ± 3,87 mg/ g ps), compostos fenólicos totais (6,61 ± 0,01 mg equivalente de gálico ácido EAG)/ g de (ps), clorofila total (0,98 ± 0,15 mg/ g de ps) e apresentou atividade antioxidante, pelos métodos DPPH e ABTS (577 ± 0,56 g ps/ g de DPPH e 149,03 ± 1,50 uM trolox/ g ps). No entanto, a reatividade do extrato foi baixa, medida pelo método TAR. A Urera Aurantiaca Wedd tem potencial no setor agrícola pelas suas altas quantidades de luteína (808,09 ± 5,95 mg/g ps), zeaxantina (24,89 ± 0,18 mg/ g ps), (β-caroteno 613,25 ± 4,74 mg/ g ps), quercetina (1970 ± 6,98 mg/ g ps), clorofila total (12,39 ± 0,95 mg/g ps) e proteína (20,98 ± 0,71 g/ 100g ps). Este estudo também demonstrou alta atividade antioxidante utilizando o método DPPH (119,87 ± 0,84 g ps/ g DPPH ) e alta quantidade e qualidade do extrato usando os métodos TRAP e TAR. O tubérculo, as folhas e as flores do Tropaeolum pentaphyllum Lam revelaram diferença significativa (p < 0,05) em todos os parâmetros, com alto teor de luteína (642,50 ± 4,56 mg/ g ps e 243,23 ± 0,89 mg/ g ps) nas folhas e flores, respectivamente. Alto conteúdo de luteolina (4450 ± 12,50 mg/ g ps) e quercetina (3750 ± 8,09 mg/ g ps) foram observados nas folhas. Além disso, as qualidades antioxidantes dos extratos das folhas e flores foram reveladas utilizando o método TAR. O estudo apresentou o potencial da espécie pentaphyllum, particularmente em comparação com as folhas e flores do Tropaeolum majus, que têm sido investigados em outros estudos.The southern region features prominently in plant biodiversity because of its unique range of climate and topography. Moreover, a lack of research of these plants leaves them underutilized and they are known as "plants in the jungle." Although some native plants are being domesticated, the potential use of many species has not yet been explored and characterized. The objective of this study is to assess the nutritional characteristics of three species in South Brazil by determining the total phenolics and total pigments, quantifying individual bioactive compounds, and evaluating the antioxidant activity suing different methods. Moreover, the compounds that contribute to the activity of two different extracts will be identified. The Opuntia monacantha (Willd.) Haw pulp was promising, particularly compared to other species of the same genus Opuntia. The O. monacantha exhibited high levels of carotenoids (lutein 133.04 ± 0.84 µg/g dry weight (dw) and β-carotene 102.42 ± 0.94 µg/g dw), flavonoids (luteolin 440 ± 3.87 µg/g dw), total phenolics (6.61 ± 0.01 mg gallic acid equivalent GAE)/ g dw, and total chlorophyll (0.98 ± 0.15 mg/g dw) and was presented with antioxidant activity, as measured by DPPH and ABTS (577 ± 0.56 g/g DPPH dw and 149.03 ± 1.50 µM trolox/g dw). However, the reactivity of the extract was low as measured by the TAR method. The Urera aurantiaca Wedd has potential in the agricultural industry because of its high amounts of lutein (808.09 ± 5.95 µg/g dw), zeaxanthin (24.89 ± 0.18 µg/g dw), (β-carotene 613.25 ± 4.74 µg/g dw), quercetin (1970 ± 6.98 µg/g dw), total chlorophyll (12.39 ± 0.95 mg/g dw), and protein (20.98 ± 0.71 g/100g dw). This study also demonstrated high antioxidant activity using the DPPH (119.87 ± 0.84 g dw/ g DPPH) and TRAP methods and high quantity and extract quality using the TRAP and TAR methods. The tuber, leaves and flowers of Tropaeolum pentaphyllum Lam displayed significant differences (p < 0.05) in all parameters, with high lutein contents (642.50 4.56 µg/g dw and 243.23 0.89 µg/g dw) in the leaves and flowers, respectively. High luteolin (4450 12.50 µg/g dw) and quercetin (3750 8.09 µg/g dw) contents were observed in the leaves. In addition, the antioxidant qualities of leaf and flower extracts were revealed using the TAR method. The study revealed the potential of the species pentaphyllum, particularly in comparison with the leaves and flowers of Tropaeolum majus, which have been investigated in other studies