Prestate of Stress and Fault Behavior During the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake (M7.3)

Fault behavior during an earthquake is controlled by the state of stress on the fault. Complex coseismic fault slip on large earthquake faults has recently been observed by dense seismic networks, which complicates strong motion evaluations for potential faults. Here we show the three‐dimensional prestress field related to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake. The estimated stress field reveals a spatially variable state of stress that forced the fault to slip in a direction predicted by the “Wallace and Bott Hypothesis.” The stress field also exposes the pre‐condition of pore fluid pressure on the fault. Large coseismic slip occurred in the low‐pressure part of the fault. However, areas with highly pressured fluid also showed large displacement, indicating that the seismic moment of the earthquake was magnified by fluid pressure. These prerupture data could contribute to improved seismic hazard evaluations

水の硬度が牛肉の煮込みに及ぼす影響

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of water hardness on the physical properties of boiled beef and to clarify whether hard water is suitable for stewed dishes. Using sensory evaluation, we found that beef boiled in hard water（Ca : 300 mg/L）was evaluated more highly than beef boiled in soft water（Ca : 50 mg/L）; this was true of both the odor and taste of the beef.When beef was boiled in hard water, the protein on the surface of the beef rapidly solidified, preventing the release of components from the inside even when heated for a long time.These results suggest that hard water is more suitable for beef stew than soft water.原著論

Prestate of Stress and Fault Behavior During the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake (M7.3)

Fault behavior during an earthquake is controlled by the state of stress on the fault. Complex coseismic fault slip on large earthquake faults has recently been observed by dense seismic networks, which complicates strong motion evaluations for potential faults. Here we show the three‐dimensional prestress field related to the 2016 Kumamoto earthquake. The estimated stress field reveals a spatially variable state of stress that forced the fault to slip in a direction predicted by the “Wallace and Bott Hypothesis.” The stress field also exposes the pre‐condition of pore fluid pressure on the fault. Large coseismic slip occurred in the low‐pressure part of the fault. However, areas with highly pressured fluid also showed large displacement, indicating that the seismic moment of the earthquake was magnified by fluid pressure. These prerupture data could contribute to improved seismic hazard evaluations

Interactions between Flavor and Taste: Using Dashi Soup as a Taste Stimulus

There are many researches showing interactions between olfaction and taste. Many of them supported that the interactions are not innate, but are learned through our daily eating experiences. Stevenson (2009) called this phenomenon as “learned synesthesia”. The authors also showed the interactions between flavor and taste are learned and processed by higher cognitive systems in rats and humans (Sakai et al., 2001; Sakai and Imada, 2003). Here the interactions between umami taste and dashi flavors are developed by the daily eating experience of Japanese traditional cuisine. Twenty flavors (such as sea weed, bonito, onion, garlic, ginger etc. by courtesy of YAMAHO CO. Ltd.) were used as flavor stimuli. Taste stimuli are monosodium glutamate (umami substance, MSG), miso soup, and Katsuo Dashi (bonito soup stock). Participants tasted these stimuli, 12∼20 stimuli in a day, and evaluated the strength of umami taste, the palatability, congruity between taste and flavor with 100 mm visual analogue scales. The results of evaluations analyzed with the participants' daily eating experience showed the interactions between taste and flavor are developed by their own daily intake of traditional Japanese cuisine, especially dashi soup

Asymmetry of causal inference in reading

This study investigated how knowledge of causality representations affects the reading in Japanese. In Experiment 1, 24 participants read events presented in cause-to-effect or effect-to-cause order without causal conjunctions. The latter received longer reading times and more regressions than the former even when probability and predictability were balanced. Experiment 2 examined whether this reading order effect was derived from a default reasoning asymmetry (i.e., reasoning from cause to effect is favored over that from effect to cause). We utilized epistemic constructions to explicitly identify the reasoning direction. Self-paced reading results from 24 participants showed that readers were more efficient when reading cause-event as the evidence, effect-event as the conclusion vis-a-vis the counterpart, confirming the reasoning asymmetry. However, reading order effect remained robust, presumably reflecting that causal reasoning is temporally embodied

Three-Component, Diastereoselective Prins–Ritter Reaction for <i>cis</i>-Fused 4‑Amidotetrahydropyrans toward a Precursor for Possible Neuronal Receptor Ligands

Here, we report an unprecedented, highly diastereoselective Prins–Ritter reaction of aldehydes, homoallylic alcohols, and nitriles in a three-component coupling reaction for the synthesis of tetra-<i>cis</i>-substituted 4-amidotetrahydropyrans. In this study, the reaction was not only applied for carbohydrate-based heterobicycles but also for more complex heterotricycles, showing acceptable levels of conversion yield (42–97% BRSM) and exclusive diastereoselectivity. Furthermore, the latter heterotricycles were converted to nine analogues of our neuronal receptor ligands IKM-159 and MC-27. An in vivo assay by intracerebroventricular injection in mice suggested that the substituent at C9 of the novel analogues interferes with the molecular interactions with the AMPA receptor, which was originally observed in the complex of IKM-159 and the GluA2 ligand binding domain. Our research has thus shown the power of a multicomponent coupling reaction for the preparation of a structurally diverse compound collection to study structure–activity relationships of biologically active small molecules

Attitudes toward depression among Japanese non-psychiatric medical doctors: a cross-sectional study

Abstract Background Under-recognition of depression is common in many countries. Education of medical staff, focusing on their attitudes towards depression, may be necessary to change their behavior and enhance recognition of depression. Several studies have previously reported on attitudes toward depression among general physicians. However, little is known about attitudes of non-psychiatric doctors in Japan. In the present study, we surveyed non-psychiatric doctors’ attitude toward depression. Methods The inclusion criteria of participants in the present study were as follows: 1) Japanese non-psychiatric doctors and 2) attendees in educational opportunities regarding depression care. We conveniently approached two populations: 1) a workshop to depression care for non-psychiatric doctors and 2) a general physician-psychiatrist (G-P) network group. We contacted 367 subjects. Attitudes toward depression were measured using the Depression Attitude Questionnaire (DAQ), a 20-item self-report questionnaire developed for general physicians. We report scores of each DAQ item and factors derived from exploratory factor analysis. Results We received responses from 230 subjects, and we used DAQ data from 187 non-psychiatric doctors who met the inclusion criteria. All non-psychiatric doctors (n = 187) disagreed with "I feel comfortable in dealing with depressed patients' needs," while 60 % (n = 112) agreed with "Working with depressed patients is heavy going." Factor analysis indicated these items comprised a factor termed "Depression should be treated by psychiatrists" - to which 54 % of doctors (n = 101) agreed. Meanwhile, 67 % of doctors (n = 126) thought that nurses could be useful in depressed patient support. The three factors derived from the Japanese DAQ differed from models previously derived from British GP samples. The attitude of Japanese non-psychiatric doctors concerning whether depression should be treated by psychiatrists was markedly different to that of British GPs. Conclusions Japanese non-psychiatric doctors believe that depression care is beyond the scope of their duties. It is suggested that educational programs or guidelines for depression care developed in other countries such as the UK are not directly adaptable for Japanese non-psychiatric doctors. Developing a focused educational program that motivates non-psychiatric doctors to play a role in depression care is necessary to enhance recognition and treatment of depression in Japan.</p