The wage model in the Galician labour market: gender effects

Objeto: Se estudian las características personales que determinan la participación en el mercado de trabajo en Galicia, ya sea como trabajador por cuenta propia o por cuenta ajena. Diseño/metodología: Se construye el llamado modelo de salarización, en él se estima la probabilidad de que una persona en edad de trabajar lo haga por cuenta ajena. Una vez estimados los parámetros del modelo mediante regresión logística binaria, se calculan las probabilidades de trabajar por cuenta ajena condicionadas a distintas características personales, para evaluar la influencia real de las mismas en la forma en que un individuo interviene en el mercado de trabajo, como asalariado o como autónomo. Aportaciones y resultados: Las probabilidades de trabajar por cuenta ajena difieren en función del género. A mayor edad, la probabilidad de que un hombre y una mujer trabajen por cuenta ajena va disminuyendo. En los hombres, la probabilidad de trabajar por cuenta ajena se mantiene invariable para cualquier tamaño familiar, mientras que en las mujeres al aumentar los miembros de la familia la probabilidad disminuye. Ante un incremento en los ingresos corregidos familiares, la probabilidad de trabajar por cuenta ajena disminuye en hombres y mujeres, aunque los porcentajes son distintos. Limitaciones: Este trabajo ha sido realizado en un momento económico de crecimiento sostenido. Así, se abre una futura línea de estudio en la que se averigüe el efecto del ciclo económico en esta investigación. Implicaciones prácticas: El género sigue marcando diferencias en el mercado laboral. Valor añadido: En este análisis, la variable más destacada es el sexo, y la influencia de las demás variables explicativas sobre las distintas probabilidades de trabajar por cuenta ajena varía en función del sexo de la persona analizada. La forma de construir la variable “Ingresos del hogar corregidos” es novedosa.Purpose: We study the effects of personal features in the Galician labour market, as both self-employed people and employees who work for a firm. Design/methodology/approach: We propose a wage model to estimate the probability of a person in working age being employee who works for a firm. After the model parameter estimation through binary logistic regression, we estimate the conditional probability to be an employee who works for a firm for different personal features. We do this to evaluate the real effect of personal features in the person role in the labour market, as employee who works for a firm or self-employed person. Findings and originality/value: The probability to be an employee who works for a firm depends on the gender. The greater age, the lower is the probability of men and women that they will be employees who work for a firm. The probability of men to work for a firm is the same to all family size, whereas this probability for women is lower if the family size gests bigger. The greater corrected family income, the lower is the probability of men and women to work for a firm, but the percentages are different. Research limitations/implications: This paper has been made during a moment of sustained economic growth. So, future researches could study the effect of the economic cycle in this topic. Practical implications: The gender differences affects to the labour market. Originality/value: This study considers as the most important variable the gender, and the effect of other explanatory variables on the different probabilities to be an employee who works for a firm change depending on the gender. We propose a new way to create the variable "corrected household income".Peer Reviewe

Job satisfaction in Spain. Analysis of the factors in the economic crisis of 2008

The objective of this paper is to determine the main features of job satisfaction in the Spanish labor market of 2008, which was affected by a deep recession and instability. We differentiate between personal and job-related features to determine which ones explain job satisfaction better. For this purpose, we use the data from the 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010 Quality of Labor Life Survey by the Ministry of Employment and Social Security in Spain. We show that job-related variables better explain job satisfaction through line- ar models (ANOVA). We also eliminate interactions between 14 job-related variables through a principal-component analysis. From the obtained factors, we propose a stepwise multiple regression analysis that explains how job-related variables affect job satisfaction. The factor 1 formed by activity, personal development and motivation is the one that better explains job satis- faction every year. We nd that personal motivation has the highest in uence on job satisfaction; wages affect job satisfaction the least during economic crises and economic growth. We also nd that during an economic crisis job satisfaction is higher, whereas stability and wages are not higher, because jobs are less stable and wages are lower

Variables Determining Total and Electrical Expenditure in Spanish Households

This version of the article has been accepted for publication, after peer review, but is not the Version of Record and does not reflect post-acceptance improvements, or any corrections. The Version of Record is available online at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101535[Abstract] Our aim is to discover the variables influencing total and electrical expenditure in Spanish households in the Survey of Family Budgets. Using a principal component analysis, a cluster analysis, and a stepwise regression analysis, we find that income-related variables are the most influential factor in determining total expenditure; however, dwelling size is the most influential factor in determining electricity expenditure. Regional location is the second most important factor for total household expenditure but not electricity expenditure. We find that electricity expenditure depends on the surface area of the house and the number of people in the household, as well as heating and hot water systems and building type. Energy savings will not only reduce household electricity costs, but will benefit the environment. In general, in a developed consumer society, the determining factors go beyond income and include other lifestyle aspects.This research was supported by project ECO2016-77843-P (AEI/FEDER, UE) and S52_17R: Compete Research Group (Government of Aragón/FEDER, UE)Gobierno de Aragón; S52_17

Stability and satisfaction at work during the spanish economic crisis

This paper analyses temporary work and job satisfaction among salaried workers during the Spanish economic crisis of 2008. Using data from the Spanish National Statistics Institute (INE) 2013 Economically Active Population Survey (EAPS), we find that temporary workers lost their job more than others during this period. However, salaried workers have higher average levels of satisfaction in 2007–2010, possibly due to the lower requirements of workers. We find a positive relationship between the unlikeliness of keeping a job and low job satisfaction levels in data from the Survey of Quality of Life at Work (2010) through a correspondence analysis. A linear model with a level of job satisfaction as a dependent variable shows negative coefficients for a level of job satisfaction if the probability of keeping the job is somewhat unlikely or very unlikely. Finally, an ordinal probit regression finds that the estimated likelihood to reach high job satisfaction is lower in temporary workers

Activity in the labor market and the economic crisis: gender differences in Galicia

Purpose: This paper studies personal characteristics that determine labor activity in Galicia. Design/methodology/approach: The data are from the Galician Statistics Institute (IGE) Family Living Conditions Survey (ECV). We estimate the model parameters via binary logistic regression; then we calculate the probability of activity according to various personal characteristics. We find that probability varies according to the gender. We analyze three periods: economic growth (2003), the year the economic crisis began (2007), and the economic crisis (2012). Findings: In general, the probability of activity during the economic crisis is higher than during economic growth. We find that people enter the labor market younger during economic growth and retire later during the economic crisis. Women participate in the labor market at lower raters after the birth of their children in 2003 and in 2007; this rate rises in 2012. This is due to the high cost of childcare for families with scarce economic resources. Research limitations/implications: Future researches could study the crisis context which reduce the gender differences in labor market. Practical implications: The gender differences are reducing and the economic cycle plays a relevant role. Originality/value: We show through repeating the analysis in different periods that the cycle involves different behaviors in the probability of activity by gender. Overall, during the crisis, the probability of activity are bigger and the gender differences are smaller.Peer Reviewe

Determinantes de la satisfacción laboral en la industria de la madera y el papel: estudio en España y hallazgos en otros países

Esta investigación se desarrolla en el colectivo de trabajadores ocupados pertenecientes a la cosecha forestal, industria de la madera y papel, y su comparación con el total nacional. El ámbito es el mercado laboral español. Se escogen 14 variables cuantitativas, extraídas de la Encuesta de calidad de vida en el trabajo (Ministerio Empleo y Seguridad Social). El objetivo primero es averiguar qué variables y agrupaciones de variables (o factores) afectan a la satisfacción laboral en el sector forestal, madera y papel, comparando estos resultados con el conjunto nacional al que pertenece. Las metodologías son análisis de componentes principales, análisis de conglomerados y regresión múltiple stepwise. El segundo objetivo es recopilar estudios parecidos en otros países y ver si se puede establecer algún patrón común. El análisis en ambos colectivos (forestal, madera y papel por un lado, y conjunto nacional español por otro) permite averiguar si los determinantes coinciden o difieren en función de los epígrafes de actividad; en ambos casos, el salario es una de las últimas variables en la explicación de la satisfacción laboral, siendo la motivación y el desarrollo personal las variables que ocupan los primeros puestos en esta explicación. A partir de estudios en otros países no es posible construir una teoría general y válida en todos los ámbitos, de forma que si el contexto es diferente, los determinantes que afectan a la satisfacción laboral son también distintos. This paper is carried out in a workers group of logging, wood and paper industry, which is compared with the whole of the labor market. We select 14 quantitative variables of job-related features. For this purpose, we use data Quality of Labor Life Survey (ECVT) by the Spanish Ministry of Employment and Social Security. The first objective is to find out which variables and groups of variables (or factors) affect job satisfaction in logging, wood and raper industry, comparing these results with the national set. Our methodologies are principal component analysis. cluster analysis, and stepwise multiple regression. The second objective is to review similar studies in other countries in order to find some common pattern. The analysis in both groups (logging, wood, and paper on the one hand, and the Spanish national set on the other) allows us to find whether determinants are the same or different according to activity. So, in both cases, a wage is one of the last factors that explain labor satisfaction, whereas motivation and personal development are in the top position. It is not possible to propose a general and valid theory in all areas from studies in other countries so that if the context is different, the determinants that affect job satisfaction are also different

Synthetic Indicators of Quality of Subjective Life in the EU: Rural and Urban Areas

[Abstract] The aim of this paper is to develop subjective synthetic indicators that quantify the quality of life in the different countries of the EU-28, with data from the 2016 European Quality of Life Survey (EQLS). We add other indicators to the general synthetic ones in order to quantify the different dimensions of quality life due to its multidimensional nature. The successive but unchained application of the principal component analysis and the Mazziota-Pareto analysis allows us to classify 5 dimensions of quality of life: subjective component of governance, public services, environment, general satisfaction with life, and socioeconomic issues. We verify that countries with the lowest or highest positions in the general index usually keep that position in most dimensions. The spatial perspective is fundamental to study of regional development. For this reason, the next objective is the analysis of differences by spatial location using the variance analysis. The general indicator shows significant differences between EU countries but it does not show differences in the quality of life of European citizens in urban and rural areas

Effects of socio - demographic changes on the labour market of Galicia in Spain

Recently, important societal changes have affected the labour market: declining birth rates, aging population, the delayed independence of young people, an increase in the number of households, new household structures (increases in small households and single-parent households), and an increase in female workers. As a consequence, any model of the Galician labour market should include the following explanatory variables: gender, marital status, household size, age, and education level. Using binary logistic regression, we analyze the effect of each variable on probability of job activity in several years (2003, 2007 and 2013); in Galicia (the northwest region of Spain). We show that the probability of job activity increases especially in women during the economic crisis (2013). In addition, men decide to reduce their retirement age during economic growth, whereas they prolong their retirement age during economic crises. Hence sociodemographic changes and economic cycle affect the probability of job activity

Determinantes de la satisfacción laboral en la industria de la madera y el papel: Estudio en españa y hallazgos en otros países

This paper is carried out in a workers group of logging, wood and paper industry, which is compared with the whole of the labor market. We select 14 quantitative variables of job-related features. For this purpose, we use data Quality of Labor Life Survey (ECVT) by the Spanish Ministry of Employment and Social Security. The first objective is to find out which variables and groups of variables (or factors) affect job satisfaction in logging, wood and paper industry, comparing these results with the national set. Our methodologies are principal component analysis, cluster analysis and stepwise multiple regression. The second objective is to review similar studies in other countries in order to find some common pattern. The analysis in both groups (logging, wood and paper on the one hand, and the Spanish national set on the other) allows us to find whether determinants are the same or different according to activity. So, in both cases, wage is one of the last factors that explain labor satisfaction, whereas motivation and personal development are on the top position. It is not possible to propose a general and valid theory in all areas from studies in other countries, so that if the context is different, the determinants that affect job satisfaction are also different