Contacto e emoções no ensino de desportos sóciomotores de colaboração-oposição a futuros docentes de educação física

[Resumen]: Partiendo de la conceptualización de los problemas afectivos derivados del contacto (PADC) estudiamos su influencia en el aprendizaje de Rugby, Balonmano y Voleibol. El trabajo, desarrollado en el contexto universitario (n=16), se aborda dentro del paradigma cualitativo, mediante el análisis de contenido y con el apoyo de estrategias cuantitativas, siguiendo los Métodos Mixtos. El estudio prospectivo de los datos permitió describir la realidad a estudiar y el refinamiento de la metodología, centrada en el método de análisis de diarios con entrevista sobre los diarios, con el apoyo de herramientas informáticas de análisis cualitativo (Nvivo). Los resultados muestran la existencia de PADC y su influencia negativa en el aprendizaje de tareas motrices de los deportes estudiados. Las emociones que suscitan la aparición de estos problemas están fundamentalmente relacionadas con el miedo, aunque también con la ansiedad y/o la vergüenza. Además, se describen cuáles son los tipos de contactos que generan esos problemas. Igualmente, se concretan 29 factores que podrían ser valorados para disminuir la aparición de los PADC en procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje de tareas motrices que impliquen contacto. La importancia de cada uno de estos factores varía en función del tipo de contacto que requiera la tarea motriz.[Abstract]: From the conceptualization of emotional problems related to contact (EPRC), we study its influence in the learning of Rugby, Handball and Volleyball. This research, developed at the university sphere (n=16), is framed within qualitative framework through the analysis of content assisted with quantitative strategies (Mixed Methods). The prospective study of the data allowed the description of the reality in study and the refinement in methodology. So, the method focused on the analysis of diaries with interviews about them with the support of computer tools of qualitative analysis (NVivo). The results show the existence of EPRC and its negative influence in the learning of motor tasks of the aforementioned sports. The emotions that facilitate the appearance of these problems are fundamentally related to fear, but also to anxiety or shame. In addition, the types of contacts that generate these problems are described. Furthermore, there were specified 29 factors that could be considerated to decrease the appearance of EPRCs in contact motor tasks teaching-learning processes. The importance of each of these factors varies depending on the type of contact that the motor task requires.[Resumo]: Partindo da conceituação de problemas afetivos derivados do contacto (PADC), estudamos sua influência na aprendizagem de Rugby, Handebol e Voleibol. O trabalho, desenvolvido no contexto universitário (n=16), é abordado dentro do paradigma qualitativo, através do método de análise de conteúdo e com o apoio de estratégias quantitativas, seguindo os Métodos Mistos. O estudo prospetivo dos dados permitiu descrever a realidade a ser estudada e o aprimoramento da metodologia, centrada no método de análise de diários com entrevista sobre os diários, com o apoio duma ferramenta computacional de análise qualitativa (Nvivo). Os resultados mostram a existência do PADC e sua influência negativa na aprendizagem de tarefas motoras dos desportos observados. As emoções produtoras desses problemas estão fundamentalmente relacionadas ao medo, mas também à ansiedade ou vergonha. Além disso, são descritos os tipos de contactos que geram esses problemas. Da mesma forma, foram especificados 29 fatores que poderiam ser avaliados para diminuir a aparência dos PADCs nos processos de ensino-aprendizagem de tarefas motoras que envolvem contacto. A importância de cada um desses fatores varia de acordo com o tipo de contacto que a tarefa motora exig

Spatiotemporal parameters of gait during treadmill and overground walking in Parkinson's disease

[Abstract] Despite the increasing number of studies that have examined the therapeutic effect of treadmill training programs in Parkinson's disease (PD), there has been little research to evaluate the modifications of gait induced by treadmill walking. We investigated spatiotemporal differences between treadmill and overground walking in patients with PD. PD patients significantly increased their step length and step height; and reduced their cadence, step width and step width variability on the treadmill in comparison with walking overground. PD patients are able to attenuate their short shuffling steps when walking on a treadmill.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; DEP2011-2246

Kicking ability and kicking deficit in young elite soccer players

Kicking ability in soccer has been evaluated predominantly by the maximum ball velocity. The kicking deficit (KD) may be defined as the percentage of the difference between the maximum ball velocity each player achieved by the non-preferred leg kick in relation to the preferred leg kick. This study aimed to compare: side-to-side kicking velocity, vertical jumps and anthropometrics between the younger (G-14) and older (G+14) than 14 years soccer players. An additional aim was to investigate associations among these variables. Participants were 92 young elite soccer players from the development programme of a top Spanish division club. They were divided into two age groups according to their growth and motor development stages (10.80-13.55 years, n=46; 14.02-16.39 years, n=46). Student’s t-test showed that the maximum kicking velocity with the preferred and non-preferred leg, jumping performance, and all anthropometric measurements were significantly (p<.01) higher in G+14 compared with G-14. In contrast, KD values remained stable (15.31%- 15.83%) without significant differences between the groups. Pearson’s correlation analysis revealed that vertical jump tests and anthropometric measurements correlated with kicking ball velocity produced by the preferred and non-preferred leg. Our results demonstrate that kicking skills are still not consolidated and power factors may be determinant for kicking performance in young soccer players. In addition, the KD may be a constant element for both the under and above 14 years soccer players and could result from an unequal and greater use of the preferred leg in comparison with the non-preferred leg

Emotions such as didactical difficulty teaching physical education. Emotional problems related to contact: Conceptualización

[Resumen]: Las dificultades didácticas asociadas al contacto en las prácticas motrices son una realidad muchas veces olvidada total o parcialmente en los procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje de ese tipo de prácticas. Esta situación viene determinada por el carácter multidimensional del concepto y, en parte, por su origen empírico, lo que implica una gran diversidad terminológica. El presente trabajo pretende aportar una propuesta justificada para la conceptualización de los problemas afectivos derivados del contacto.[Abstract]: The didactic difficulties associated to contact in motor tasks are often partially or fully forgotten in teachinglearning processes of this type of practice. This situation is determined by the multidimensional nature of the concept and, in part, by its empirical origin, which has led to a great terminological diversity. This paper provides a justified proposal for the conceptualization of emotional problems related to contact

Postural Stability and Cognitive Performance of Subjects With Parkinson's Disease During a Dual-Task in an Upright Stance

[Abstract] Background: The reviewed studies on center of pressure (COP) displacement in Parkinson’s disease (PD) subjects show important methodological differences and contradictory results with regard to healthy subjects. The dual-task paradigm method has been used to examine cognitive prioritization strategies to control concurrent postural and cognitive tasks. The motor requirements, such as pronouncing words, involved in the cognitive tasks used in double-task conditions could be related to the heterogeneity of the results. Research Objective: To compare postural sway and cognitive performance in subjects with PD and controls using a dual-task paradigm with a cognitive task free of motor demands. We tried to examine the prioritization strategy of PD patients regarding healthy adults to control for concurrent postural and cognitive tasks. Materials and Methods: 25 subjects with PD and 20 healthy controls carried out a postural task under both single-task and dual-task conditions. The postural task was to stand as still as possible, with eyes first open and then closed. The dual-task condition added a concurrent cognitive task based on phoneme monitoring. COP displacement variables and cognitive performance were compared between the groups and within-subject factors were also examined. Results: PD participants showed higher COP displacement results than the controls. All participants shortened the mean sway radius in dual-task conditions compared with single-task conditions; only healthy subjects presented less transversal COP sway in dual-task conditions than in single-task conditions. The cognitive performance of PD patients on a phoneme monitoring task worsened when they carried it out while maintaining balance in a standing position compared to sitting. The opposite effect occurred in control subjects. Conclusion: This study confirms the negative influence of Parkinson’s disease on the control of standing stability, increasing the COP sway amplitude. The attentional demands of a postural task, such as standing balance, may be greater in PD patients than in healthy subjects. This would affect the performance of patients during dual-task conditions to be able to control a postural task while performing other cognitive tasks. In these conditions, cognitive performance would be negatively affected. These results suggest that subjects with PD, at least during initial disease stages, prioritize postural control over other concurrent tasks, as is also seen in healthy subjects.The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support for the research received from the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry, and Competitiveness (ref. DEP2017-87384-R

Gait pattern and cognitive performance during treadmill walking in Parkinson disease

[Abstract] Objective: The aim of this study was to explore whether attentional demands are involved in gait improvements in Parkinson disease (PD) patients when they walk on a treadmill. Design: Nineteen individuals with idiopathic PD and 19 age-matched healthy controls participated in this study. Participants walked on a treadmill and on overground under single task (walk only) and dual task (walk performing a simultaneous cognitive task) conditions. The dual-task paradigm was used to reveal the attention allocation behavior. Gait pattern and cognitive performance was measured. Results: The PD group showed reduced gait variability when walking on a treadmill in comparison with overground. However, this reduction did not deteriorate during the dual task. Moreover, there were no differences in the cognitive performance between treadmill and overground walking. Conclusions: This study does not support the proposition attentional resource allocation as a possible mechanism for the treadmill-associated gait improvements observed in PD.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; DEP2011-2246

Chronic functional adaptations induced by the application of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with exercise programs: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and Universities under Grant (PID2021-128204OA-I00-AEI/FEDER, UE)[Abstract]: The present systematic review aimed to determine the chronic effects of the combination of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and exercise on motor function and performance outcomes. We performed a systematic literature review in the databases MEDLINE and Web of Science. Only randomized control trials that measured the chronic effect of combining exercise (comprising gross motor tasks) with tDCS during at least five sessions and measured any type of motor function or performance outcome were included. A total of 22 interventions met the inclusion criteria. Only outcomes related to motor function or performance were collected. Studies were divided into three groups: (a) healthy population (n = 4), (b) neurological disorder population (n = 14), and (c) musculoskeletal disorder population (n = 4). The studies exhibited considerable variability in terms of tDCS protocols, exercise programs, and outcome measures. Chronic use of tDCS in combination with strength training does not enhance motor function in healthy adults. In neurological disorders, the results suggest no additive effect if the exercise program includes the movements pretending to be improved (i.e., tested). However, although evidence is scarce, tDCS may enhance exercise-induced adaptations in musculoskeletal conditions characterized by pain as a limiting factor of motor function.Xunta de Galicia, Universidade da Coruna/CISUG ; (ED431B 2021/28

The effects of auditory startle and nonstartle stimuli on step initiation in Parkinson's disease

[Abstract] Background. Auditory external cues enhance step initiation in Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. We wanted to explore whether a startle reaction has a comparable effect on step initiation in PD. Methods. Thirteen PD patients and 13 aged-matched controls participated in this study. Electromyography pattern and onset toe-off time during a step initiation task were recorded in response to three different stimuli: a visual imperative stimulus; visual stimulus simultaneous with a nonstartle auditory stimulus and with a startle auditory stimulus. Results. In all subjects, onset of tibialis anterior was faster in the startle auditory condition, compared with the nonstartle auditory condition. However, in the patient group, there was no difference in onset of soleus and toe-off between the startle and nonstartle conditions. Conclusions. Startle reaction in PD patients demonstrates a disordered coupling between the anticipatory postural adjustments that initiate the weight shift and the movement to initiate toe-off during step initiation.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; PSI2008-0317

The Effects of Startle and Non-Startle Auditory Stimuli on Wrist Flexion Movement in Parkinson's Disease

[Abstract] Startle stimuli lead to shorter reaction times in control subjects and Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. However, non-startle stimuli also enhance movement initiation in PD. We wanted to examine whether a startle-triggered movement would retain similar kinematic and EMG-related characteristics compared to one induced by a non-startle external cue in PD patients. In this study we investigated the electromyography pattern and the reaction time during a wrist flexion movement in response to three different stimuli: a visual imperative stimulus; visual stimulus simultaneous with a non-startle auditory stimulus and with a startle auditory stimulus. Ten PD patients and ten aged matched controls participated in this study. The reaction times were faster for startle and non-startle stimuli in comparison with the visual imperative stimulus, in both patients and control subjects. The startle cue induced a faster reaction than the non-startle cue. The electromyography pattern remained unchanged across the conditions. The results suggest that the startle reaction effect for upper limb movements are unimpaired in PD patients and has different characteristics than the effect of non-startle stimuli.Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación; DEP2011-2246

Properties of Portland Cement Mortar with Substitutions of Natural and Expanded Perlite

The present research deals with the feasibility of using high-temperature pozzolans such as Natural Perlite (NP) and Expanded Perlite (EP), different dosagues of additions were made to mortars in order to perform their mechanical properties. Mortars were subjected to destructive tests in hardened state: compression, tension, flexion and adhesion strength; as well as non-destructive tests in hardened state: ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), electrical resistivity (ER), density (ρ) and total porosity (PT); in addition to attack by sodium sulfate at 90 days. The percentages of the substitutions were 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30% by weight of Portland cement mass (PC) relative to a control mortar (cement-sand-water). With the partial replacement of the cement and according to the tests carried out, it can be observed that the problem of durability and CO2 emissions is significantly reduced and, consequently, an energy saving and a lower environmental impact are promoted