L. Vargas y A. Martínez Palacios. 1950. “Estudio taxonómico de los mosquitos anofelinos de México”, 143 págs. Ilustrada, Sría. de Salubridad y Asistencia, México, D.F.

Annex 1: Corn and wheat inclusion rates in broiler diets as a function of corn-wheat price spread in the CSD model. a Starter. b Grower. c Finishers. Annex 2: SBM and RSM inclusion rates in broiler diets as a function of SBM-RSM price spread in the CWSR model. a Starter. b Grower. c Finishers. Annex 3: Correlation matrix of optimized feed composition in the simulated starter diet of the CWSR model. Annex 4: Correlation matrix of optimized feed composition in the simulated grower diet of the CWSR model. Annex 5: Correlation matrix of optimized feed composition in the simulated finisher diet of the CWSR model. Annex 6: Upper and lower simulated price boundaries of feeds in the CSD LP model between 2008 and 2016. Annex 7: Upper and lower simulated price boundaries of feeds in the CWSR LP model between 2004 and 2015. Annex 8: Simulated compound feed price for starter, grower, and finisher broiler diets in the CWSR and CSD models. (DOCX 2340 kb

Variation in NXS/T sites and selective constraint across codons in CD28 and CTLA-4.

<p>Alignments for (A) CD28 and (B) CTLA4 along with line graphs depict the d<i>_N</i>/d<i>_S</i> ratio (<i>ω</i>) across sites as estimated by the M8 (PAML) and REL (HYPHY) models, for the extracellular domains of each gene. Glycosylation (NXS/T) sites are highlighted in black while X_NXS/T and NXX_S/T near-sites are highlighted in red and blue, respectively. Vertical dashed black lines are used to indicate the position of highly conserved NXS/T sites on the line graph. The horizontal dashed grey lines indicate neutral evolution at <i>ω</i> = 1, where sites below and above this line are under negative and positive selection, respectively. Sites estimated to be at <i>ω</i> >1 with a posterior probability over 95% are indicated with an asterisk. Site numbering follows human, with sites absent in the human sequence (due to insertions in other sequences in the alignment) marked with dashes (−). The M8 and REL estimates for <i>ω</i> broadly agree. Overall, CD28 shows higher levels of <i>ω</i> and a greater number of NXS/T and near sites, as compared to CTLA4. An increase in <i>ω</i> is often observed flanking the NXS/T sequences (more so in CD28 than CTLA4). Abbreviations–<b><i>Calli.</i></b>, <i>Callithrix</i>; <b><i>Micro.</i></b>, <i>Microcebus</i>; <b><i>Dipodo.</i></b>, <i>Dipodomys</i>; <b><i>Spermo.</i></b>, <i>Spermophilus</i>; <b><i>Orycto.</i></b>, <i>Oryctolagus</i>; <b><i>Ailuro.</i></b>, <i>Ailuropoda</i>; <b><i>Mono.</i></b>, <i>Monodelphis</i>; <b><i>Sarco.</i></b>, <i>Sarcophilus</i>; <b><i>Ornitho.</i></b>, <i>Ornithorhynchus</i>; <b><i>Taenio</i></b><b>.</b>, <i>Taeniopygia</i>.</p

Site repositioning and hitchhiking of conditional neutral sequence.

<p>(A) Sequence compositions of CD28/CTLA-4 and TIE1/TIE2 paralogs, as well as the mean for secretory and cytosolic proteins. (B,C) The potential for site gain in the extracellular portions of the human genes was determined by simulated mutagenesis for CD28/CTLA-4 and TIE1/TIE2 paralogs. Sequences without near-sites (w/o) were created by replacement with GTA (Val) CCA (Pro) CTA (Leu), for five mutation steps away from NXS/T. Each bar is the mean ± SE of 10,000 runs with branch lengths in increments indicated by the upper limits on the X-axis (ie. mutations/position). (D) The (A) content in the intra- and extra- cellular portions of TIE1 and TIE2, grouping 53 species by clades. (E) NXS/T density comparing extracellular portions TIE1 and TIE2 by clades (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086088#pone.0086088.s013" target="_blank">Table S6</a>).</p

NXS/T multiplicity correlates with the evolutionary rates of secretory proteins.

<p>(A) Human-mouse and human-pufferfish amino acid identities for gene orthologues grouped by human NXS/T number, linear regression slopes are indicated, * Pearson correlation p<0.05. (B) Apparent evolutionary rates (<i>d</i>_N/<i>d</i>_S) of human-mouse orthologues grouped by site number. (C) Human SNPs in cytosolic and secretory proteins represented as <i>N/S</i>. (D) Slopes from NXS/T multiplicity versus amino acid identity (secreted-cytosolic)/separation time from human), were graphed for 52 animal species (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0086088#pone.0086088.s007" target="_blank">Fig. S7</a>)]. Pearson R² = 0.40; Spearman correlation R = 0.696. (E) Amino acid substitution rates are proportional to NXS/T site number. The slopes from human-mouse and human-pufferfish % identity were used to calculate substitutions.</p

Encoding structure and simulations of NXS/T site gain and loss.

<p>(A) Codon chart highlighting the coding structure of NXS/T. Asn is A-rich with 14 neighbors (red), while 10 Ser/Thr codons have 31 codon neighbors (blue), for 89% and 53%, probabilities of nonsynonymous mutation, respectively. There are 64 codons, of which 61 encode amino acids and 3 encode a signal for termination of a peptide sequence. The 10,416 possible X_NXS/T, NXX_S/T and NPS/T sequences are 3.01%, 1.59% and 0.03% of all possible coding 9-mer sequences (61³), respectively. (B) Asymmetry in the two major paths of loss and gain. The coding 9-mers indicated in the X_NXS/T and NXX_S/T ovals are the subset of all coding 9-mer (% in brackets) are one mutation away from NXS/T. The solid arrows is the more likely pathway of interchange, while the broken arrows indicate the less probably pathway. The green arrows indicate how positive and purifying selection of NXS/T sites disrupts equilibrium in near-motifs. (C) The extracellular domains of 30 human secretory genes were serially mutated and subject to random selection used in the EvolveAGene 3.06 program (EVO-simulated, Y-axis). Simulated site gain in a set of human secretory proteins correlated with values calculated manually based on near-site numbers and paths into NXS/T (X-axis). (D) Site loss by EVO-simulation is proportional to actual sites in the initial sequences, and losses resulted in the expected ratio of X_NXS/T to NXX_S/T near-sites. Site gain by EVO-simulation correlated with (E) Asn but not Ser+Thr content, (F) A nucleotide content.</p

NXS/T site densities and genome compositions.

<p>(A,B) Actual NXS/T densities versus predicted densities from amino acid content in cytosolic and secretory proteins from species with high coverage genomes in Ensembl. Linearity analyzed by Pearson correlation. (C) Fraction of total Asn in NXS/T sites for each protein (mean ± SEM) in intracellular (cytosolic) and signal-sequence containing (secretory) proteins of five well annotated species. (D) NXS/T sites were binned by nearest neighboring, <20 then by increments of 10 amino acids. The difference between (sec) and cytosolic (cyt) bins bins reveals greater than expected proximity (skewness). The area under the line is ∼6.8% of all sites. (E) β1,6GlcNAc-branched N-glycans on lymphocytes from human, chimpanzee, C57/B6 strain mice, and zebra fish by L-PHA-FITC staining and FACS analysis. Each point is from an individual animal, except zebra fish where spleens were pooled.</p

MOESM1 of Impact of the Mass Drug Administration for malaria in response to the Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone

Additional file 1. Diagrammatic presentation of Ebola-Malaria algorithms in Sierra Leone, 2014–2015

MOESM3 of Impact of the Mass Drug Administration for malaria in response to the Ebola outbreak in Sierra Leone

Additional file 3. Relative percent change in malaria indicators and Ebola alerts in the health facilities in MDA- (n = 34 PHUs) and non-MDA-chiefdoms (n = 14 PHUs) during post-MDA weeks using interrupted time-series regression. Upper values are relative percent changes and lower values in brackets are 95 % CI. Percentages in bold are significant changes with 95 % CI that excluded zero. Negative changes are decrease and positive changes are increase in trends post-MDA compared to trends of pre-MDA weeks

Additional file 1: of Malaria: Global progress 2000 – 2015 and future challenges

Multilingual abstracts into the six official working languages of the United Nations. (PDF 482 kb

Time series of monthly confirmed malaria cases, slide positivity rate, admissions and deaths extracted by use of a Hodrick-Prescott filter with monthly smoothing parameter λ = 14,400 (HP = Hodrick-Prescott filter; MAl-IPDAll Ages = Inpatient malaria cases in all ages; Mal-DeathsAll Ages = Malaria deaths in all ages, SPRAll Ages = Slide positivity rate in all ages; PositiveAll ages = Number of confirmed cases).

<p>Time series of monthly confirmed malaria cases, slide positivity rate, admissions and deaths extracted by use of a Hodrick-Prescott filter with monthly smoothing parameter λ = 14,400 (HP  =  Hodrick-Prescott filter; MAl-IPDAll Ages  =  Inpatient malaria cases in all ages; Mal-DeathsAll Ages  =  Malaria deaths in all ages, SPRAll Ages  =  Slide positivity rate in all ages; PositiveAll ages  =  Number of confirmed cases).</p