Playing Billiard in Version Space

A ray-tracing method inspired by ergodic billiards is used to estimate the theoretically best decision rule for a set of linear separable examples. While the Bayes-optimum requires a majority decision over all Perceptrons separating the example set, the problem considered here corresponds to finding the single Perceptron with best average generalization probability. For randomly distributed examples the billiard estimate agrees with known analytic results. In real-life classification problems the generalization error is consistently reduced compared to the maximal stability Perceptron.Comment: uuencoded, gzipped PostScript file, 127576 bytes To recover 1) save file as bayes.uue. Then 2) uudecode bayes.uue and 3) gunzip bayes.ps.g

Revisiting the Competitiveness of Romanian Manufacturing Industry

Since the early 1990s the Romanian manufacturing industry has improved in many ways. This headway concerns the labour-intensive sector rather than the technology-intensive one. Apart from local entrepreneurship, foreign direct investments (FDI) have been instrumental in enhancing industrial competitiveness. The Lisbon Agenda revival and Romania’s EU accession will be further inducements for Western businesses to shift production here to fight back both low-cost producers (typically from emerging Asia) and more quality-oriented producers (typically from OECD countries). Hopefully, the FDI spillover effects will send positive vibrations across the economy, and tone down the asymmetry at the core of the manufacturing industry.competitiveness, manufacturing industries, FDI spillovers

ABOUT THE ECONOMIC CRISIS

The economic crisis that the global economy is facing nowadays has started with the financial crisis of the U.S financial system. We are talking about an unprecedented speculative boom at global level which has overcome the previous booms created by the deconomic crisis, exchange rate, metal reserves

Evaluating and Improving the Experience of Pregnancy Associated Hospitalizations

Medical Schoolhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/170597/1/AnnaRujan_1.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/170597/2/AnnaRujan_2.pptxhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/170597/3/AnnaRujan_3.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/170597/4/AnnaRujan_4.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/170597/5/AnnaRujan_5.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/170597/6/AnnaRujan_6.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/170597/7/AnnaRujan_7.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/170597/8/AnnaRujan_8.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/170597/9/AnnaRujan_9.pdfhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/170597/10/AnnaRujan_10.pd

THE COMPETITIVENESS OF EMU MEMBER STATES IN THE FINANCIAL CRISIS

In the context of the financial crisis the imbalances in the euro area have been underlined. The issue had been previously debated during the years preceding the financial crisis, but the strong global economic expansion and the ongoing economic integration within the euro area partly masked the problems arising from these differential developments. This paper analyses the advantages and disavantages of the monetary union before and during the financial crisis and focuses on identifying solutions to correct the structural problems that are at the root of the economic divergencies within the euro area. Another issue that we discuss is how did price competitiveness diverged from one euro-area member state to another since the introduction of the euro, causing gains in price competitiveness for a small group of countries and significant losses for a larger group. The issue of competitiveness is essential for Romania as we are heading towards joining the euro zone.EMU, competitiveness, structural problems

Implementation of Sustainable Tourism by the Private Tourism Enterprises in Kathmandu

Masteroppgave International Buisness and Marketing - Nord universitet 2019Sperret til 2022-02-1

UTILISATION OF BENCHMARKING TECHNIQUES FOR FUNDAMENTING DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES IN THE MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN ROMANIA

Benchmarking is a method used to measure the products, services and processes in comparison to an entity recognized as a leader in terms of performance of its operations. Used in the years 1970-1980 in the strategic management of the company currently has proven to be increasingly useful in many areas, including in international analysis models. In the European Union benchmarking indicators are used especially in the digital economy and as perspective indicators for 2011-2015 (Eurostat, Database). In the introduction we present and define forms of benchmarking, as well as a number of specific terms, which contribute to a better understanding of the content of this scientific work. Time series are used to highlight advances in labor productivity in EU countries, and the analysis is particularized for two countries: Romania and Germany. Quantitative data were collected from the source Eurostat website. A comprehensive indicator at macroeconomic level is resource productivity, representing GDP in relation with domestic consumption of material (DCM). DCM measures the amount of materials used directly by an economy. It is presented in tabular form for all European Union countries and Switzerland, as evolving over a period of eight years. Benchmarking method is used to highlight some differences (gaps) between EU countries regarding productivity and particularly the one between Germany and Romania is highlighted, concerning the performance of manufacturing industries. It is expected that this gap will diminish. The gap was highlighted by relevant graphics and interpretations. The second part of the paper focuses on comparative analysis of factors productivity using the production function. We analyze labor and capital productivity and other factors that determine the level of production. For highlighting the contribution of the labour factor we used the number of hours worked, considering that it reflects the analyzed phenomenon more realistically. For highlighting the contribution of capital factor we used as an indicator the capital stock in euros, available for Germany in the Eurostat database, and for Romania in the Statistical Yearbook 2009, expressed in RON, as comparable prices and then converted into euros at the average rate calculated by the NBR . The results for the entire manufacturing industry represent the basis for further expansion of benchmarking to the main components of this industry, especially automobile building, transportation vechicules, furniture, clothing, leather chemical, etc.., providing a scientific basis to fundament the economic policies including commercial ones.benchmarking, labour productivity, resource productivity, capital productivity, sustainable development strategy

Asymmetrical dynamics of voltage spread in retinal horizontal cell networks

This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively.Lateral voltage spread in electrically coupled retinal horizontal cell networks is the substrate of center-surround antagonism in bipolar and ganglion cells. We studied its spatial and temporal properties in more detail in turtle L1 horizontal cells by using a contrast border as light stimulus. Experimental data were contrasted with expectations from a linear continuum model to specify the impact of nonlinearities. The assumptions for the diffusion term of the continuum model were justified by neurobiotin labeling. Measured voltage spread revealed two different length constants Λ+ and Λ0, under illuminated and nonilluminated regions of the retina, respectively, as predicted by the linear model. Length constants in the illuminated region showed strong temporal dynamics. For the initial phase of the horizontal cell responses Λ+ was larger than Λo. This was also in accordance with the model. Right at the peak of the response, however, Λ+ dropped below Λo and did not change any more. It is this temporal reversal of asymmetry in voltage spread and not the decrease of Λ+ itself that is lacked by the linear model. The observed independence of the mean ratio Λ+/Λo from light intensity in both the peak and the plateau phases of horizontal cell responses contradicts the linear assumption, too. These two effects have to be addressed to local nonlinearities in the horizontal cell network like a negative feedback loop from photoreceptors and/or voltage-dependent conductances. Due to the failure of the linear model, firm conclusions about the membrane resistance and the coupling resistance of the horizontal cell network cannot be drawn from length constant measurements.Peer Reviewe

Vertebrate telomere repeat DNAs favor external loop propeller quadruplex structures in the presence of high concentrations of potassium

The circular dichroism, CD, spectra of the telomere repeats of vertebrates, d(TTAGGG), indicate that parallel type quadruplex structures or disordered single-stranded structures are formed in low salt. Anti-parallel quadruplex structures are favored in the presence of high concentrations, 140 mM, of sodium. External loop, also known as propeller, parallel type structures are favored in the presence of high concentrations, 100 mM, of potassium in the presence of either 5 or 140 mM sodium. The cation dependence of the CD spectra of the vertebrate telomere repeat DNAs is distinctly different from that of the telomere repeats of Tetrahymena and Oxytricha as well as that of the thrombin binding aptamer. These results indicate that the external loop structures may be present in vertebrate telomeres under the conditions of high potassium and low sodium concentration found in nuclei

Metastability for reversible probabilistic cellular automata with self--interaction

The problem of metastability for a stochastic dynamics with a parallel updating rule is addressed in the Freidlin--Wentzel regime, namely, finite volume, small magnetic field, and small temperature. The model is characterized by the existence of many fixed points and cyclic pairs of the zero temperature dynamics, in which the system can be trapped in its way to the stable phase. %The characterization of the metastable behavior %of a system in the context of parallel dynamics is a very difficult task, %since all the jumps in the configuration space are allowed. Our strategy is based on recent powerful approaches, not needing a complete description of the fixed points of the dynamics, but relying on few model dependent results. We compute the exit time, in the sense of logarithmic equivalence, and characterize the critical droplet that is necessarily visited by the system during its excursion from the metastable to the stable state. We need to supply two model dependent inputs: (1) the communication energy, that is the minimal energy barrier that the system must overcome to reach the stable state starting from the metastable one; (2) a recurrence property stating that for any configuration different from the metastable state there exists a path, starting from such a configuration and reaching a lower energy state, such that its maximal energy is lower than the communication energy