A Target Enrichment Bait Set for Studying Relationships among Ostariophysan Fishes

© 2020 by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. Target enrichment of conserved nuclear loci has helped reconstruct evolutionary relationships among a wide variety of species. While there are preexisting bait sets to enrich a few hundred loci across all fishes or a thousand loci from acanthomorph fishes, no bait set exists to enrich large numbers (\u3e1,000 loci) of ultraconserved nuclear loci from ostariophysans, the second largest actinopterygian superorder. In this study, we describe how we designed a bait set to enrich 2,708 ultraconserved nuclear loci from ostariophysan fishes by combining an existing genome assembly with low coverage sequence data collected from two ostariophysan lineages. We perform a series of enrichment experiments using this bait set across the ostariophysan tree of life, from the deepest splits among the major groups (\u3e150 Ma) to more recent divergence events that have occurred during the last 50 million years. Our results demonstrate that the bait set we designed is useful for addressing phylogenetic questions from the origin of crown ostariophysans to more recent divergence events, and our in silico results suggest that this bait set may be useful for addressing evolutionary questions in closely related groups of fishes, like Clupeiformes

Allozyme differentiation of two populations of the genus Neoplecostomus Eigenmann & Eigenmann, 1888 (Teleostei, Loricariidae) from the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil

Allozyme electrophoresis was used to examine 12 enzymatic systems in two populations of the genus Neoplecostomus from the Paraná River basin. Samples of Neoplecostomus sp. 1 were collected in Paraitinguinha stream of the Tietê River basin, in the municipality of Salesópolis, São Paulo State, and those of Neoplecostomus sp. 2 from São Domingos stream of the Rio Grande River basin, in the municipality of Muzambinho, Minas Gerais State. The genetic variability of the two populations was estimated by Nei’s expected heterozygosity and was considered lower than average for populations of freshwater fish. The proportion of polymorphic loci was low (only 5.26% for the locus Idh). The low frequency of heterozygosity for both populations revealed a high fixation of alleles for each locus. Homozygote excess was observed in both populations. The values of Nei’s genetic identity and the presence of loci with different allele frequencies in both populations may imply that the two populations belong to different species. The genetic variability between populations was compared to other data for loricariids

A new species of the genus Pareiorhina (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Paraná basin, southeastern Brazil

Azevedo-Santos, Valter M., Roxo, Fábio F. (2015): A new species of the genus Pareiorhina (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper rio Paraná basin, southeastern Brazil. Zootaxa 3937 (2): 377-385, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3937.2.

Neoplecostomus bandeirante Roxo, Oliveira & Zawadzki, 2012, new species

Neoplecostomus bandeirante, new species Figure 1, Table 1. Neoplecostomus sp. 1. Reusing et al. (2011): 497 [photo; Figure 1 a compares this species with Neoplecostomus sp. 2] Holotype: MZUSP 110363 (1 male, 109.9 mm SL), Brazil, São Paulo state, municipality of Salesópolis, Rio Paraitinguinha, Rio Tietê basin, 23 ° 31 ’ 25 ”S 43 ° 53 ’ 22 ”W, 14 Sep 2006, R. Devidé, J.C.P. Alves, L.R. Paiva. Paratypes: All paratypes are from São Paulo state in Brazil, in the municipality of Salesópolis, Rio Paraitinguinha, Rio Tietê basin. DZSJRP 14881 (2 males, 92.1–95.4 mm SL) collected with holotype. LBP 2861 (8 males, 82.2–106.4 mm SL; 16 unsexed, not measured) 23 ° 31 ’ 37 ”S 45 ° 45 ’ 53 ”W, 20 May 2005, E.R.M. Martinez et al. (GenBank numbers GQ 214793 to GQ 214796, and FJ 434534). LBP 3578 (1 female, 41.3 mm SL; 1 unsexed, not measured), 23 ° 30 ’ 40 ”S 45 ° 51 ’ 32 ”W, 21 Jul 2008, R. Devidé et al. LBP 3921 (3 males, 58.7–94.9 mm SL; 2 females, 59.0– 82.5 mm SL; 5 unsexed, not measured), 23 ° 31 ’ 25 ”S 43 ° 53 ’ 22 ”W, 14 Sep 2006, R. Devidé et al. LBP 4993 (2 females, 40.8–74.3 mm SL; 1 unsexed, not measured), 23 ° 30 ’ 40 ”S 45 ° 51 ’ 32 ”W, R. Devidé et al. MZUSP 59117 (1 male, 46.1 mm SL; 1 female, 56.0 mm SL), 23 ° 31 ’ 37 ”S 45 ° 45 ’ 52 ”W, 17 Dec 1999, L.R. Malabarba et al. MZUSP 59118 (1 female, 58.2 mm SL), 23 ° 35 ’02”S 45 ° 46 ’ 43 ”W, 17 Dec 1999, L.R. Malabarba et al. MZUSP 59139 (1 unsexed, not measured), 23 ° 31 ’ 37 ”S 45 ° 45 ’ 52 ”W, 17 Dec 1999, L.R. Malabarba et al. MZUSP 87141 (6 unsexed, not measured), coordinates unknown, 15 May 1999, M.R. Britto et al. NUP 6103 (1 male, 101.7 mm SL; 1 female, 74.3 mm SL; 18 unsexed, not measured); 23 ° 30 ’ 40 ”S 45 ° 51 ’ 32 ”W, 21 Jul 2008, R. Devidé. Diagnosis: Neoplecostomus bandeirante differs from all other congeners by the presence of moderate keels along each lateral series of plates (vs. keels absent in all series of plates, see Figure 2), and by first plates in the mid-ventral series that are smaller in length than the area surrounding each plate (vs. greater, see Figure 3). These characteristics are more evident in mature males. Additionally, N. bandeirante differs from all other congeners, except N. selenae and N. yapo, due to the presence of odontodes along the snout margin and the ridge over the eyes that are slightly larger than the remaining odontodes on the head (vs. odontodes along the snout margin and ridge over eyes similar in length to the remaining odontodes on the head). Neoplecostomus bandeirante differs from N. selenae and N. yapo by the absence of a swollen integument around the enlarged odontodes on the snout margin and the ridge over the eyes in mature males (vs. presence of swollen integument around the enlarged odontodes on the snout margin and ridge over eyes in mature males). Description: The counts and measurements are presented in Table 1. Body elongated and depressed; greatest width at cleithrum, narrowing to caudal peduncle. Dorsal body profile gently convex, elevating from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin and descending to first procurrent caudal-fin ray; greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin. Trunk and caudal peduncle dorsally rounded in cross-section; body ventrally flattened to anal-fin origin, flattened to slightly rounded to caudal fin. Dorsal body surface completely covered by dermal plates, except for naked area around dorsal-fin base. Snout tip with small naked area. Ventral head surface naked except for plated area bearing odontodes in front of gill openings; abdomen with conspicuous, small dermal platelets between insertions of pectoral and pelvic fins, forming thoracic shield surrounded by naked areas. Head wide and depressed; head and snout rounded in dorsal view; interorbital space straight to slightly concave in frontal view; median ridge formed by mesethmoid rising from snout tip to area between nares, more evident in larger specimens; pronounced ridge from nares to superior margin of orbit. Snout convex in lateral profile; moderately enlarged odontodes and slightly swollen skin along lateral margins of snout, more evident in mature males. Eye moderately small (6.7–10.8 mm of HL), dorsolaterally placed. Lips well developed and rounded; lower lip far from reaching pectoral girdle and covered with papillae, wider anteriorly; two to three irregular and conspicuous rows of large and transversally flattened papillae, just posterior to dentary teeth; posterior row of papillae distributed along entire dentary ramus. Maxillary barbel short, coalesced, usually its tip not free from lower lip. Teeth long, slender and bicuspid; mesial cusp longer than lateral; dentary ramus forming an angle of approximately 125–130 º. Dorsal-fin origin slightly posterior to vertical passing through pelvic-fin origin; nuchal plate not covered by skin; dorsal-fin spinelet half-moon shaped and slightly wider than dorsal-fin spine base; dorsal-fin locking mechanism absent; dorsal fin with one flexible spine followed by seven branched rays; its posterior margin slightly rounded, not reaching the end of pelvic-fin rays when adpressed. Well-developed and always present adipose fin, preceded by azygous plate. Pectoral fin with one spine and six branched rays; spine depressed and curved inward (more pronounced in larger specimens), shorter than longest branched ray; posterior margin slightly concave, reaching half pelvic-fin ray length when adpressed. Pelvic fin with one unbranched ray and five branched rays; posterior margin nearly straight, reaching anal-fin insertion in most of the specimens when adpressed; pelvic-fin unbranched ray ventrally flattened, with dermal flap on its dorsal surface in males. Anal fin with one flexible unbranched ray and five branched rays; posterior margin nearly straight. Caudal fin furcate; lower lobe longer than upper; 14 branched rays. Pectoral spine and unbranched pelvic-fin rays with odontodes on lateral and ventral portions; anal-fin unbranched ray with odontodes only ventrally. Color in alcohol: Ground color of dorsal surface of head and body grayish; head, dorsum, flanks and fins covered by some inconspicuous lighter dots of variable sizes. Dorsal color pattern, even in mature larger individuals, retains the generic juvenile color pattern of five transverse dark bands: the first through supraoccipital, the second anterior to dorsal fin, the third posterior to dorsal fin, the fourth at adipose fin, and the last at caudal-peduncle posterior portion. Head usually with two light, short and parallel lines anterior to nares, bordering the naked area on snout tip; a pale spot on naked area of snout tip. Orbital margin slightly lighter, mainly on its superior portion; small pale spot on interorbital space, inconspicuous in some specimens. Lateral portion of body with an upper darker region and a lower lighter one, just below lateral line, not easily visualized in large specimens. Dorsal fin with irregular series of dark spots on rays. Caudal fin irregularly dark at base and distal portion of rays, leaving two lighter areas on median portion and rays tips, in some specimens. Pectoral, pelvic, anal and adipose fins with dark dots forming irregular bands usually diffuse. Ventral surface of head and abdomen mostly unpigmented, except lateral margins of body and from pelvic fin to caudal-fin base. Upper lip dark brown, except for its light narrow margin. Sexual dimorphism: Males bear a papilla in the urogenital opening, and a membrane along dorsal portion of the unbranched pelvic-fin ray (Figure 4). These characters were observed in nominal Neoplecostomus species and in the three new species described herein. Males seem to reach a greater length as seen in the paratypes, and odontodes on head seem to be slightly more evident on larger mature males. Distribution: The species is found only in the type-locality of Rio Paraitinguinha, Rio Tietê basin, in the municipality of Salesópolis, São Paulo state, Brazil (Figure 5). Etymology: This species was named bandeirante in honor of the early explorers of São Paulo, who, from the beginning of the 16 th to the 18 th centuries, ventured into the unmapped interior of Brazil in excursions named “bandeiras”. The purpose of the excursions was to hunt for indigenous people and submit them to enslavement and to search for mineral wealth, such as silver, gold, and diamonds. Despite playing an apparent negative role in history, their work was essential for the establishment of new cities and for the geographic demarcation of the Brazilian territory. A noun in apposition.Published as part of Roxo, Fábio F., Oliveira, Claudio & Zawadzki, Cláudio H., 2012, Three new species of Neoplecostomus (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Upper Rio Paraná basin of southeastern Brazil, pp. 1-21 in Zootaxa 3233 on pages 4-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.28038

Neoplecostomus langeanii Roxo, Oliveira & Zawadzki, 2012, new species

Neoplecostomus langeanii, new species Figure 8, Table 1. Neoplecostomus sp. 2. Reusing et al. (2011): 497 [photo; Figure 1 b compares this species with Neoplecostomus sp. 1] Holotype: MZUSP 110365 (1 male, 85.5 mm SL), Brazil, Minas Gerais state, municipality of Muzambinho, Rio São Domingos, tributary of Rio Muzambinho, Rio Grande basin, 21 ° 23 ’ 22 ”S 46 ° 28 ’ 40 ”W, 7 Jan 2008, F. F. Roxo, J. M. Henriques, G. J. Costa e Silva, L. H. G. Pereira. Paratypes: All paratypes are from Minas Gerais state in Brazil, in the municipality of Muzambinho, Rio Muzambinho, Rio Grande basin. DZSJRP 14882 (6 females, 44.8–63.9 mm SL) 21 ° 19 ’ 36 ”S 46 ° 27 ’ 27 ”W, 10 Jan 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. DZSJRP 14880 (2 males, 69.0– 70.6 mm SL) 21 ° 23 ’ 22 ”S 46 ° 28 ’ 40 ”W, 7 Jan 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. LBP 5870 (17 unsexed, 33.4–63.3 mm SL); 21 ° 20 ’ 47 ”S 46 ° 28 ’08”W, 9 Jan 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. LBP 5873 (1 unsexed, 37.9 mm SL); 21 ° 19 ’ 36 ”S 46 ° 27 ’ 27 ”W, 9 Jan 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. LBP 5878 (2 males, 53.1– 84.5 mm SL; 7 females, 48.6–70.7 mm SL); 21 ° 23 ’ 53 ”S 46 ° 28 ’ 45 ”W, 9 Jan 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. LBP 5886 (3 males, 52.9–58.9 mm SL; 7 females, 39.0– 64.7 mm SL; 11 unsexed, not measured); 21 ° 18 ’08”S 46 ° 28 ’ 33 ”W, 9 Jan 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. LBP 5901 (2 males, 61.3 –65.0 mm SL; 1 male, not measured; 5 females, 54.2–62.9 mm SL; 4 females, not measured); 21 ° 17 ’ 37 ”S 46 ° 29 ’06”W, 11 Jan 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. (GenBank numbers GQ 214799 and GQ 214800). LBP 5915 (1 male, 68.3 mm SL, 1 unsexed, not measured); 21 ° 21 ’ 33 ”S 46 ° 28 ’ 32 ”W, 8 Jan 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. LBP 5926 (1 male, 89.2 mm SL; 3 females, 34.6–64.5 mm SL); 21 ° 19 ’ 59 ”S 46 ° 27 ’ 24 ”W, 10 Jan 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. LBP 5931 (4 males, 51.8–69.6 mm SL; 7 females, 48.4–62.8 mm SL; 8 unsexed, not measured); 21 ° 23 ’ 22 ”S 46 ° 28 ’ 40 ”W, 7 Jan 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. LBP 5942 (1 female, 40.9 mm SL), 21 ° 22 ’ 48 ”S 46 ° 28 ’ 29 ”W, 8 Jan 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. LBP 5947 (2 males, 71.6–73.5 mm SL; 6 females, 56.6–67.6 mm SL; 27 unsexed, not measured); 21 ° 19 ’ 36 ”S 46 ° 27 ’ 27 ”W, 10 Jan 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. LBP 5961 (10 females, 37.5– 46.3 mm SL; 6 unsexed, not measured); 21 ° 22 ’ 48 ”S 46 ° 28 ’ 29 ”W, 8 Jan 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. LBP 6142 (2 males, 42.2–45.7 mm SL; 7 females, 38.1–49.2 mm SL); 21 ° 24 ’ 12 ”S 46 ° 34 ’ 33 ”W, 15 Apr 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. LBP 6150 (2 males, 43.0– 60.5 mm SL; 2 females, 41.0– 43.2 mm SL), 21 ° 22 ’ 43 ”S 46 ° 33 ’ 21 ”W, 15 Apr 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. LBP 6155 (11 unsexed, not measured); 21 ° 23 ’ 49 ”S 46 ° 33 ’ 17 ”W, 15 Apr 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. LBP 6160 (3 unsexed, not measured) 21 ° 23 ’04”S 46 ° 32 ’ 22 ”W, 16 Apr 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. LBP 6173 (5 females, 39.7 –47.0 mm SL); 21 ° 21 ’ 41 ”S 46 ° 34 ’ 36 ”W, 16 Apr 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. (GenBank number GQ 214801). LBP 6179 (4 males, not measured; 1 female, not measured; 5 unsexed, not measured); 21 ° 21 ’ 40 ”S 46 ° 33 ’ 22 ”W, 16 Apr 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. LBP 6183 (1 male, 44.4 mm SL); 21 ° 22 ’ 13 ”S 46 ° 32 ’ 11 ”W, 16 Apr 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. LBP 6195 (1 male, 68.0 mm SL; 5 females, 35.1 –68.0 mm SL; 1 unsexed, not measured), 21 ° 22 ’ 15 ”S 46 ° 32 ’ 35 ”W, 18 Apr 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. (GenBank numbers GQ 214797 and GQ 214798). LBP 6210 (1 unsexed, not measured). 21 º 23 ’ 31 ”S 46 º 30 ’ 11 ”W, 18 Apr 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. LBP 6244 (3 males, 68.7 –79.0 mm SL); 21 ° 19 ’ 44 ”S 46 ° 30 ’04”W, 19 Apr 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. MZUSP 110361 (1 male, 83.4 mm SL); 21 ° 17 ’ 37 ”S 46 ° 29 ’06”W, 11 Jan 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. MZUSP 110360 (1 male, 54.0 mm SL; 5 females, 46.0– 55.5 mm SL); 21 ° 19 ’ 36 ”S 46 ° 27 ’ 27 ”W, 10 Jan 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. NUP 6102 (2 males, not measured; 5 females, not measured) 21 ° 20 ’ 47 ”S 46 ° 28 ’08”W, 9 Mar 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. NUP 11988 (1 male, 85.5 mm SL) 21 º 17 ’ 37 ”S 46 º 29 ’06”W, 11 Jan 2008, F. F. Roxo et al. Diagnosis: Neoplecostomus langeanii differs from N. bandeirante by the absence of keels along each lateral series of plates (vs. presence of moderate keels). Neoplecostomus langeanii differs from N. botucatu and N. paranensis, by having a well-developed adipose fin (vs. adipose fin reduced or absent). Neoplecostomus langeanii differs from N. franciscoensis and N. ribeirensis, by having a dorsal-fin spinelet larger than dorsal-fin spine (vs. dorsal-fin spinelet absent to vestigial and more slender than dorsal-fin spine). Neoplecostomus langeanii differs from N. granosus, N. microps, and N. variipictus by the presence of five conspicuous dark bands on dorsum and lacking evident dark spots (vs. conspicuous dark spots all over body and fins and dorsal bands not evident) characteristics that are more evident in mature adults. Neoplecostomus langeanii is distinguished from N. selenae by lacking enlarged odontodes and a distinct, swollen integument along lateral margins of snout and along ridges anterior to eyes (vs. having enlarged odontodes and distinct swollen integument along lateral margins of snout and along ridges anterior to eyes). Neoplecostomus langeanii is distinguished from N. corumba by having smaller orbital diameter 8.3- 11.4 % in head length, 12.9–18.5 % in snout length, and 27.0– 35.7 % in interorbital length (vs. 12.2–13.05 %, 18.4– 20.1 %, and 36.7–41.5 %, respectively); from N. yapo, by having a smaller interdorsal length, ranging from 14.8– 19.5 % in SL (vs. 20.7 –23.0%), greater caudal peduncle depth 19.8 –29.0% in caudal peduncle length (vs. 17.6– 19.6 %), smaller orbital diameter 8.3–11.4 % in head length (vs. 11.9–21.4 %); from N. espiritosantensis, by having greater cleithral width 25.6 –30.0% in SL (vs. 19.0–21.0%). Description: Counts and measurements are presented in Table 1. Body elongated and depressed; greatest width at cleithrum, narrowing to caudal peduncle. Dorsal body profile gently convex, elevating from snout tip to dorsal-fin origin and descending to first caudal-fin procurrent ray. Greatest body depth at dorsal-fin origin; trunk and caudal peduncle dorsally rounded in cross-section. Body ventrally flattened to anal-fin origin, flattened to slightly rounded to caudal fin. Dorsal body surface completely covered by dermal plates, excepting for a naked area around dorsal-fin base. Snout tip with a small naked area. Ventral head surface naked except for one plate bearing odontodes in front of gill openings; abdomen with conspicuous, small dermal platelets between insertions of pectoral and pelvic fins, forming a thoracic shield surrounded by naked areas; in some specimens some isolated platelets are present near pectoral-fin base. Head wide and depressed; head and snout rounded in dorsal view; interorbital space straight to slightly concave in frontal view; slight median ridge formed by the mesethmoid rising from snout tip to area between nares, not evident in some specimens. Weak ridge from nares to superior margin of orbit; snout gently convex in lateral profile; mature males with moderately enlarged boomerang-like (curved backward) odontodes, from snout tip to post-orbital region. Hypertrophied odontodes not surrounded by distinct swollen skin along dorsal and ventral lateral margin of snout. Eye moderately small (8.3–11.4 % of HL), dorsolaterally placed. Lips well developed and rounded; lower lip not reaching pectoral girdle and covered with papillae, wider anteriorly; two or three irregular and conspicuous rows of large and transversally flattened papillae, just posterior to dentary teeth; posterior row of papillae distributed along entire dentary ramus. Maxillary barbel short and coalesced with lower lip; its tip not free from lower lip. Teeth long, slender and bicuspid; mesial cusp longer than lateral; dentary ramus forming an angle of approximately 125–130 º. Dorsal-fin origin slightly posterior to vertical passing through pelvic-fin origin; nuchal plate not covered by skin; dorsal-fin spinelet short and wider than dorsal-fin spine base; dorsal-fin locking mechanism absent; dorsal-fin with one flexible spine, followed by seven branched rays; its posterior margin straight or slightly furcate, not reaching the end of pelvic-fin rays when adpressed. Well-developed and always present adipose fin, not preceded by azygous plate. Pectoral fin with one spine and six branched rays; spine depressed and curved inward (more curved in larger specimens), shorter than longest branched ray; its posterior margin emarginate, reaching about half pelvicfin unbranched ray length when adpressed. Pelvic fin with one unbranched ray and five branched rays; its posterior margin straight to nearly straight, surpassing anal-fin insertion when adpressed. Pelvic-fin unbranched ray ventrally flattened, with dermal flap on its dorsal surface in males. Anal fin with one flexible unbranched ray and five branched rays; its posterior margin slight emarginated to straight. Caudal fin furcate; lower lobe slightly longer than upper; 14 branched rays. Pectoral spine and pelvic-fin unbranched ray with odontodes on lateral and ventral portions; anal-fin unbranched ray with odontodes only ventrally. Color in alcohol: color of dorsal surface of head and body yellowish. Dorsal color pattern, even in mature larger individuals, retains the generic juvenile color pattern of five transverse dark bands: the first through supraoccipital, the second anterior to dorsal fin, the third posterior to dorsal fin, the fourth at adipose fin, and the last at caudal-peduncle posterior portion. Head usually with two clear, short and parallel inconspicuous lines anterior to nares, bordering the naked area on snout tip. Orbital margin slightly lighter, mainly on its superior portion; small pale spot on interorbital space, inconspicuous in some specimens. Lateral portion of body with upper darker region and lower lighter one, just below lateral line, not easily visualized in large specimens. Dorsal fin with irregular series of dark marks or bands on rays. Caudal fin with two to three faded and irregular dark bands at base, at middle portion, and at distal portion of rays, leaving two interspaced lighter areas among dark bands. Pectoral, pelvic, and anal fins with dark marks forming irregular bands, usually diffuse. Adipose fin generally dark on spine and pale on the membrane portion. Ventral surface of head and body mostly depigmented, except on lateral body margins and from pelvic fin to caudal-fin base. Upper lip dark brown, except for its light narrow margin. Sexual dimorphism: Mature males have a papilla in the cloaca and a slender membrane in the pelvic fin. Both characteristics are absent in females (Figure 4). Distribution: The species is found in the drainages of Rio Muzambinho in the municipality of Muzambinho, Minas Gerais state, Brazil (Figure 5). Etymology: The specific name, langeanii, is in honor of researcher Francisco Langeani Neto from Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciência Exatas, in recognition of his dedication and contributions to the study of Neotropical fishes.Published as part of Roxo, Fábio F., Oliveira, Claudio & Zawadzki, Cláudio H., 2012, Three new species of Neoplecostomus (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Upper Rio Paraná basin of southeastern Brazil, pp. 1-21 in Zootaxa 3233 on pages 12-15, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.28038

Description of a new species of Pareiorhina (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil

Silva, Gabriel S. C., Roxo, Fábio F., Oyakawa, Osvaldo T. (2016): Description of a new species of Pareiorhina (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the rio São Francisco basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 4107 (3): 381-391, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4107.3.

A new species of Hisonotus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from Aripuanã river, Amazon basin, Brazil

Dias, Angelica C., Silva, Gabriel S. C., Oliveira, Claudio, Roxo, Fábio F. (2018): A new species of Hisonotus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from Aripuanã river, Amazon basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 4504 (4): 577-585, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.4.

Hisonotus jumaorum Dias & Silva & Oliveira & Roxo 2018, new species

Hisonotus jumaorum, new species Fig. 1, Table 1 Holotype. MZUSP 123835, female, 26.2 mm SL, Brazil, Amazonas state, municipality of Apuí, rio Juma, tributary of rio Aripuanã, rio Madeira basin, 7°12’43.7”S 59°55’19.6”W, 22 June 2015, W. M. Ohara & V. Abrahão. Paratypes. All from Brazil, rio Madeira basin. LBP 25850, female, 21.2 mm SL, collected with the holotype. MZUSP 117603, 2, 21.3 ¯ 24.3 mm SL, collected with the holotype. MZUSP 117710, 1, 22.5 mm SL, municipality of Apuí, rio Juma, tributary of rio Aripuanã, rio Madeira basin, 7°12’43.7”S 59°55’19.6”W, 22 June 2015, W. M. Ohara & V. Abrahão. Diagnosis. Hisonotus jumaorum can be diagnosed from all congeners, except H. chromodontus, by having reddish-tipped teeth, Fig. 2a, b (vs. hyaline or yellowish-tipped teeth, Fig. 2c, d). Additionally, the new species can be distinguished from all congeners, except H. acuen, H. bockmanni, H. chromodontus and H. vespuccii Roxo, Silva & Oliveira, 2015a by having a V -shaped spinelet (vs. rounded, rectangular or triangular-shaped spinelet). Hisonotus jumaorum can be distinguished from H. acuen, H. chromodontus and H. vespuccii by having three lateral plates in the abdominal series (vs. four to five in H. acuen and H. chromodontus, and six to seven in H. vespuccii) and by having the caudal-fin color hyaline with three transverse dark bars, Fig. 3a (vs. two hyaline rounded areas on the upper and lower lobes in H. chromodontus, Fig. 3b or a dark brown chromatophores largely concentrated on rays near lower caudal spine in H. acuen and H. vespuccii, Figs. 3c,d). Furthermore, the new species can be diagnosed from H. chromodontus by lower number of lateral plates in the median plate series, 21–22 (vs. 23–24) and by head length, 36.6–40.3% SL (vs. 27.5–35.5% SL); and from H. vespuccii by having odontodes randomly distributed on head and trunk (vs. odontodes forming longitudinally aligned rows, one odontode after the other, but not necessarily forming parallel series, on head and trunk, see character definition in Fig. 2 of Roxo et al. 2014b). Description. Morphometric and meristic data presented in Table 1. Small size (21.3–26.2 mm SL). In dorsal view, snout tip pointed (57.4–59.1% HL). Margin of snout covered by odontodes, larger than rest of head. Snout tip without naked area, covered by plates and odontodes. Eyes small (11.0–14.2% HL), dorsolaterally positioned, superior margin of orbits not elevated. Iris operculum absent. In lateral view, dorsal profile of head almost straight, depressed, slightly concave from snout tip to area between nostril, straight to parieto-supraoccipital. Head completely covered by bony plates, except on ventral portion of head, at mouth region and between lower lip and scapular bridge. Bony plates covered by odontodes randomly arranged, not forming aligned rows. Head without conspicuous crests. Mouth located in ventral portion of body. Lower lip small, not reaching transversal line through gill openings; naked area between lower lip and scapular bridge large and slightly concave, twice larger than lower lip. Small papillae randomly distributed through lower lip and increasing in size proximally. Buccal papilla absent. Reddish-tipped teeth, slender and bifid. In lateral view, dorsal profile of trunk slightly convex from tip of snout to posterior margin of parietosupraoccipital, slightly concave from that point to dorsal-fin insertion, straight from that point to dorsal caudal-fin insertion. Ventral profile slightly convex from snout tip to opercular region, convex from that point to anal-fin insertion, slightly concave from that point to caudal peduncle, straight to ventral caudal-fin origin. Greatest body depth at dorsal fin origin; greatest body width at cleithral region (23.8–24.5% SL); narrowing anteriorly to snout tip and posteriorly to caudal peduncle. Trunk covered by bony plates, except on dorsal-fin base and pectoral, pelvic and anal fins insertion. Median plate series with 21–22 plates; lateral line complete. Abdominal region entirely covered by slender plates; lateral abdominal plate series with three plates; 5–6 irregular plates on median series; three large plates on anal series. Large naked area around pelvic-fin insertion. Dorsal-fin rays II,7; dorsal-fin spinelet V -shaped, almost reaching half of anal-fin unbranched ray when depressed; dorsal-fin locking mechanism functional; dorsal portion of dorsal-fin spine covered by odontodes, more developed distally. Pectoral-fin rays I,6; reaching half of pelvic-fin unbranched ray when depressed; pectoral spine covered by odontodes on dorsal surface, larger on distal portion. Pectoral-fin axillary slit present (more visible in large specimens as holotype). Pelvic-fin rays i,5; not reaching anal-fin insertion when depressed; pelvic-fin spine covered by odontodes, curved inward on ventral surface. Anal-fin rays i,5; anal-fin spine covered by odontodes, more developed distally. Caudal-fin rays i,14,i; forked, all rays covered with odontodes; odontodes more developed on distal portion of dorsal and ventral caudal-fin spine. Total vertebrae 28 (only holotype radiography). Caudal peduncle ellipsoid in cross-section, round laterally, flat dorsally and ventrally. Color in Alcohol. Background coloration, in dorsal and lateral view dark-brown, in ventral view cream. Two hyaline bars from tip of snout to each naris, forming a V -shaped hyaline stain. Dorsal portion of trunk with five hyaline longitudinal stripes: one at dorsal-fin insertion, second at middle portion of dorsal-fin, third at posterior margin of dorsal-fin spine, fourth at typical adipose-fin region and fifth at upper caudal-fin spine insertion. Dorsalfin hyaline with three transversal dark stripes: one almost inconspicuous at proximal portion, one at middle portion and one at distal portion. Pectoral-fin hyaline with five inconspicuous dark strips on dorsal surface. Pelvic-fin hyaline, without strips. Anal-fin hyaline, with two inconspicuous strips. Caudal-fin possessing three transversal dark bars: first at origin of branched rays, second at middle portion of caudal-fin, and third at distal portion of rays. In lateral view, a large dark band at median portion of body in lateral line from tip of snout to end of caudal peduncle. In ventral view, body yellowish, with concentration of chromatophores around anal-fin base and along caudal peduncle. Distribution. The new species is only known from the type locality at rio Juma, tributary of lower rio Aripuanã, rio Madeira basin, municipality of Apuí, Amazonas state, Brazil. The type locality of this species is an area between two Legal Amazon Conservation Units, Floresta Nacional do Aripuanã and Floresta Nacional do Jatuarana. This area is constantly threatened by mining and deforestation. Etymology. The specific name “jumaorum” is related to the large Indian tribe (Juma) that were butchered and wiped out of the region around the Juma river. In the 18th century, the Juma had a population of about 15 thousand people. Nowadays, the survivors of the Juma people comprise only one nuclear family with a father and three daughters (source “Povos Indígenas no Brasil ” https://pib.socioambiental.org/en/Povo:Juma).Published as part of Dias, Angelica C., Silva, Gabriel S. C., Oliveira, Claudio & Roxo, Fábio F., 2018, A new species of Hisonotus (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from Aripuanã river, Amazon basin, Brazil, pp. 577-585 in Zootaxa 4504 (4) on pages 578-581, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4504.4.8, http://zenodo.org/record/260668