Morphology and Parasitaemia Development of Plasmodium berghei in Balb/c Mice (Mus musculus)

Malaria is one of the most severe public health problems worldwide. It is a leading cause of death and disease in many developing countries, where young children and pregnant women are the groups most affected. Malaria disease caused by Plasmodium parasite have symptoms that typically include fever, fatigue, vomiting and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause yellow skin, seizures, coma or death. The present study is aimed to monitoring parasitemia level and percentage of parasite morphology as parasitaemia progresses. This research used Plasmodium berghei NK strain obtained from National University of Malaysia which originally from MR4, USA. Design used in this research was completely randomized design, with 2 treatments which were mice without infection and mice with infection of P. berghei parasite. Method used in this research was staining method of thin smear of blood using Giemsa stained and observed by microscopic. Parameter of observation were morphology and development of P. berghei at different level of parasitaemia (10%, 20%, 30% and 40%). The result showed from microscopic examination of blood slides prepared from the study animals indicated that the ring form was dominant stage obtained at all different stages of infection followed by trophozoite stage. Meanwhile schizont stage was the lowest stage obtained at all different stages observed

IMMUNOSTIMULATORY EFFECT OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF FLAMBOYANT LEAF [Delonix regia (Boj. ex Hook.) Raf.] IN MICE

Abstract. Flamboyant [Delonix regia (Boj. ex Hook) Raf.] leaf contains flavonoid compounds that are expected to have immunostimulatory effect. This research was done to determine the effect of flamboyant leaf extract on immune response by accessing the activity of immune cells and capability test the extract as immunostimulant in mice. Leaf extraction was done by maceration using methanol in the Laboratory of Biology of Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of Syiah Kuala University whereas animal treatment and testing were carried out Micro-technique Laboratory of Biology Department of the same faculty. This research used 20 male mice strain Swiss-Webster aged 7-8 weeks were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups with five replications each. Group 1 (P0) was untreated control; group 1-3 were mice administration flamboyant leaf extract 250 mg/kg BW (P1), 500 mg/kg BW (P2), and 750 mg/kg BW (P3) per oral. The treatments were given for 14 days after one week of adaptation period. Blood samples were collected before and after extract treatment and used for leukocyte count analysis. Phagocytosis activity was accessed by carbon clearance assay on day 15. At the end of the study, all mice were sacrificed for spleen weight analysis. Data obtained was analyzed by Analysis of Variance followed by Tukey test (Leukocyte count and spleen weight) or regression analysis (carbon clearance). The results showed a flamboyant leaf extract administration resulted in increased leukocyte counts that were significantly different (p0.05) between treatment groups.  Phagocytosis test indicated the extract had moderate to strong immunostimulatory effect whereas spleen weight analysis did not show any difference among treatment groups. In conclusion, flamboyant leaf methanol extract was able to increase immune cells and had potential immunostimulatory activity in mice.Keywords: Delonix regia, immunostimulant, leukocytes, lymphocyte proliferation

UJI EFEK IMUNOSTIMULAN BUAH KURMA (Phoenix dactylifera) PADA MENCIT JANTAN (Mus musculus) GALUR BALB/C

Buah kurma (Phoenix dactylifera) merupakan tanaman Mediteranian yang mengandung senyawa-senyawa aktif yang diduga mempunyai efek imunostimulan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek imunostimulan ekstrak buah kurma pada mencit jantan galur Balb/C. Penelitian ini telah dilakukan di di Laboratorium Mikroteknik Jurusan Biologi dan Laboratorium Penelitian Jurusan Kimia, Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam, Universitas Syiah Kuala. Rancangan yang digunakan pada penelitian adalah rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan yaitu 0 mg/kg BB (P0), 250 mg/kg BB (P1), 500 mg/kg BB (P2) dan 750 mg/kg BB (P3). Parameter penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penghitungan jumlah leukosit total dan, jumlah jenis-jenis leukosit. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak buah kurma pada semua dosis dapat meningkatan jumlah leukosit total dan limfosit dibandingkan dengan kelompok kontrol dengan perbedaan nilai signifikasi

Effect of Ethanol Extract of Sugar Apple (Annona squamosa L.) Stem Bark on Rat SGPT and SGOT

This study aims to compare hepatoprotector potency of the ethanol extract of sugar apple (A. squamosa) stem bark (EESSB) against the enzyme activity of SGOT and SGPT in rats induced by toxic doses of paracetamol. The method used in this study is Completely Randomized (CRD) consisting of 6 treatment groups and 3 replications. The parameters that are being observed in this study are phytochemical, antioxidant, clinical symptoms, macroscopic, SGOT and SGPT rats. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with a significant level of 5% with the Duncan test as a follow-up test. The clinical and macroscopic symptoms of rat liver including changes in color, surface structure and consistency as well as relative organ weight. Data were analyzed using ANOVA significant level 5% and Duncan's test as a follow-up test.  Extracts contains alkaloid, steroid and phenolic compounds. The results showed that there was a significant difference (P <0.05) in the levels of SGOT and SGPT after giving ethanol extract of stem bark A.squamosa (EESSB). Based on the results of the study, it was concluded that all EESSB doses had the potential to reduce the levels of AST and ALT in paracetamol induced rats. The results showed that there was a significant difference (P <0.05) in the macroscopic changes in the liver based on changes in color and degree of liver damage. Relative organ weight had no significant effect (P> 0.05). The ethanol extract of  A. squamosa (EESSB) stem bark has the potential to be a hepatoprotector, however a dose of 150 mg/kg BW is a more effective dose as a hepatoprotector against paracetamol

Teknik pengesanan spora Nosema bombycis dan kesan jangkitan pada larva Plutella xylostella

Several conventional staining techniques were employed to detect the life stages (in particular the spores) of Nosema bombycis from infected larvae of Plutella xylostella (diamondback moth, DBM) and the effects of the infection of N. bombycis on the larvae were studied. Larval instars 1, 2, 3 and 4 of the DBM were infected with four different spore concentrations (407150, 41420, 4260 and 420 spores/μl) accordingly by allowing them to feed on artificial diet previously inoculated with the respective spore concentrations. Larval tissues were processed for staining and the number of spores were counted and direct observations on the larvae were carried out at 24, 48 and 72 h post infection. The Gram s, Giemsa's, haematoxylin and trichrome staining techniques were more superior in detecting the spores, sporonts and meronts than the good Pasteurs. The main effect of the infection was mortality which was dose-dependent and that the younger ins tars were more susceptible to infection than the older ones. Spore concentrations of 407150, 41420 and 4260 spores/μl) caused death to the instars whereas the dose of 420 spores)μl was unable to kill the larval instars. The mortality rate of the younger instars was significantly higher (p<0.001) than the older ones. The LC50 and LC95 values of instar 1 and 2 were lower than those of the instar 3 and 4 after 48 and 72 h post infection. This showed that high spore concentrations were needed to kill the bigger size and matured instars. Histological studies on the infected larvae indicated that the infection caused severe cellular damages in fat tissues and the intestine leading to death. Results of this studies showed that life stages of N. bombycis in particular the spores were detected effectively using conventional staining techniques and the infectivity and the effects of the infection on the larval tissues of DBM were also established

MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF PBMSP-1 GENE IN ERYTHROCYTE OF MICE INFECTED WITH Plasmodium berghei

This study aimed to analyze MSP-1 gene in mice erythrocyte infected with Plasmodium berghei using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The result showed the existence of 462 bp DNA band which was assumed to encode MSP-1 protein with molecular weight of 19 kDa that can only be found in erythrocyte infected with Plasmodium berghei. BLASTn analysis showed that PbMSP-1 obtained in this study have 100% similar identity with mRNA of PbMSP-1 partial sequence (462 bp), 93% similarity with PbMSP-1 complete sequence (5750 bp and 5376 bp), and 87% similarity with PbMSP-1 incomplete sequence (333 bp)

Cryopreservation of Aceh Swamp Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Semen with Combination of Glycerol and Lactose

Aceh swamp buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) are decreasing their population and genetic quality. This study was conducted to determine the influence of lactose and glycerol cryoprotectants on spermatozoa of Aceh swamp buffaloes after thawing. This study used completelya factorial randomized design with nine treatments, and five replications. Fresh semen of the Aceh swamp buffalo were diluted by using a combination extender lactose cryoprotectants 0 mM (L0), 60 mM (L60), 120 mM (L120) and glycerol 3% (G3), 5% (G5), 7% (G7) with the equilibration of 4 hours. The results showed that the combination of cryoprotectants L120G7 influenced significantly (P &lt; 0.05) on the quality of spermatozoa of the Aceh swamp buffalo (B. bubalis) after  thawing. The percentage of sperm motility L120G7 (42.60 ± 1.14); viability L120G7 (55.00 ± 0.71);  acrosome integrity L120G7 (52.00 ± 0.71); and plasma membrane integrity L120G7 (53.20 ± 1.48).  The combination of lactose cryoprotectants 120 mM (L120) and glycerol 7% (G7) was the best combination to maintain the quality of spermatozoa of swamp buffalo. This finding could be used to define a policy for the spermatozoa storage of Aceh swamp buffalo to artificial insemination (AI). </p

Optimalisasi potensi kerbau dalam usaha peningkatan ketahanan pangan di Aceh dengan metode pembekuan spermatozoa

iii.;87 hlm.;ilus.;tab.;29 cm

Optimalisasi potensi kerbau dalam usaha peningkatan ketahanan pangan di Aceh dengan metode pembekuan spermatozoa

iv, 55 hlm. : ilus. ; tab. ; 29 cm