Karny charakter instytucji przepadku świadczenia z art. 412 k.c.

The article is about the legal character of the institution of forfeiture (article 412 of the Civil Code). It aims to determine the character (civil or criminal) of this institution. It demonstrates the purpose of the regulation and the history of its development. It shows the perceived character of article 412 of the Civil Code in several periods, and presents a detailed analysis of the expression doctrine of individual periods relating to forfeiture. Particular attention is paid to the mechanism of action of the institution, its similarity to forfeiture as known in criminal law. Establishing the nature of the provision is based primarily on functions and purposes of the forfeiture provision

Modulating the Physicochemical Properties of Chitin and Chitosan as a Method of Obtaining New Biological Properties of Biodegradable Materials

Physical and chemical modifications of chitin and chitosan allow for obtaining new functional properties of the natural polymers. This is a particularly valuable feature for the design and manufacture of new materials for medical applications. Due to their wide and varied biological activity, chitin and chitosan materials are increasingly used as dressing materials with antibacterial and hemostatic properties and as materials accelerating the regeneration of damaged tissues because of stimulation of granulation tissue formation, re-epithelialization and reduction of the formation of scar tissue. In addition, chitosan derivatives have antifungal, antiviral, anticancer activity. The increasing use of chitin and chitosan also has a positive impact on the environment, as it is obtained as a result of chitin deacetylation, usually isolated from shellfish shells. The main source of chitin is waste coating of crustaceans. The annual natural reproducibility of chitin by biosynthesis is estimated at 2–3 billion tons. Our interest in the use of biodegradable biopolymers derived from chitin concerns the design, synthesis in laboratory scale, testing new material properties and the final implementation of new developments for industrial practice of new dressing materials useful in the treatment of bleeding wounds (haemostatic properties) as well as in the regeneration of wounds and ulcers of various etiologies. Examples of chitin-based dressing materials introduced by Tricomed SA are Medisorb R Ag, Medisorb R Membrane, Medisorb R Powder and Tromboguard®

Stan polskiej gospodarki żywnościowej po przystąpieniu do Unii Europejskiej. Raport 5

Seria: Program Wieloletni 2005-2009. Ekonomiczne i Społeczne Uwarunkowania Rozwoju Polskiej Gospodarki Żywnościowej po Wstąpieniu Polski do Unii Europejskiej, nr 109Makroekonomiczne i rynkowe uwarunkowania rozwoju polskiej gospodarki żywnościowej: wskaźniki makroekonomiczne, ceny, wsparcie finansowe. Popyt na żywność i produkty rolno-spożywcze. Rozwój produkcji i przemiany strukturalne w rolnictwie i przemyśle spożywczym: produkcja rolnictwa, produkcja przetwórstwa, globalizacja, przemiany strukturalne. Wyniki i sytuacja ekonomiczno-finansowa rolnictwa i przemysłu spożywczego: przychody, zaopatrzenie w środki produkcji, sytuacja przedsiębiorstw rolnych, sytuacja przedsiębiorstw usługowych, sytuacja przemysłu spożywczego.Kamila Sobieck

Effect of ASA dose doubling versus switching to clopidogrel on plasma inflammatory markers concentration in patients with type 2 diabetes and high platelet reactivity: The AVOCADO study

Background: The aim of the study was to compare the effects of 2 strategies of antiplatelet treatment (i.e., 150 mg ASA vs. 75 mg clpoidogrel) on plasma level of inflammatory markers in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with high platelet reactivity (HPR).Methods: Study cohort consisted of 304 T2DM patients on chronic ASA therapy (75 mg per day) participating in the Aspirin Versus/Or Clopidogrel in Aspirin-resistant Diabetics inflammation Outcomes (AVOCADO) study. Patients with HPR defined as Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA)-100 collagene/epinephrine closure time (CEPI-CT) < 193 s (n = 80) were randomized to 150 mg of ASA or 75 mg of clopidogrel in 2:3 ratio, respectively. Concentrations of the selected inflammatory markers, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, solubleCD40 ligand (sCD40L), and high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), were measured and compared in both treatment groups before and after 8 weeks of treatment in both groups.Results: Out of 234 patients included into final analysis, the total of 34.2% (n = 80) patients displayed HPR, of which 14.1% (n = 33) were randomized into 150 mg of ASA group and 20.1% (n = 47) into 75 mg of clopidogrel group. Treatment with clopidogrel was a positive predictor (stepwise multiple regression analysis) of reduction of sCD40L concentration (odds ratio [OR] 4.15; p = 0.013), while treatment with 150 mg ASA was a positive predictor of reduction of IL-6 concentration (OR 4.38; p = 0.033). There was no statistically significant differences between clopidogrel and ASA 150 mg treatment in respect to predictive value for decreased hsCRP concentrations or increased TNF-α concentrations.Conclusions: Increasing the dose of ASA from 75 mg to 150 mg daily or switching ASA 75 mg to clopidogrel 75 mg daily may reduce concentrations of some inflammatory markers (in particular hsCRP, IL-6 and CD40L) in T2DM patients with HPR treated previously with 75 mg of ASA

Association of plasma concentrations of salicylic acid and high on ASA platelet reactivity in type 2 diabetes patients

Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the association between plasmaconcentrations of salicylic acid (SA) and other minor acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) metabolitesand high on ASA platelet reactivity assessed with different methods in type 2 diabetic patients(T2DM).Methods: Study cohort consisted of 293 T2DM patients on chronic ASA therapy. Plateletfunction inhibition was analyzed using measurements of serum thromboxane B2 (S-TxB2),VerifyNow Aspirin and Platelet Function Analyzer (PFA)-100 assays. The concentration of ASAmetabolites in plasma was measured with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results: In logistic regression analysis both ASA dose/kg of body weight and plasma SAconcentration were found to be predictive of S-TxB2 concentrations above 0.72 ng/mL cut-offpoint (OR 16.9, 95% CI 2.29–125.8, p = 0.006 and OR 5.34, 95% CI 2.67–10.68, p < 0.001,respectively). When using the VerifyNow Aspirin Assay, the concentrations of SA were signifi -cantly lower (p = 0.007) in the group with high on ASA platelet reactivity when compared withthe group with normal on ASA platelet reactivity. In logistic regression analysis plasma SAconcentration was found to be predictive of VerifyNow Aspirin Reaction Units (ARU) ≥ 550(OR 3.86, 95% CI 1.86–8.00, p < 0.001).Conclusions: Our study suggests that disturbances of pharmacokinetic mechanisms mightcontribute to lower plasma SA levels, and subsequently incomplete inhibition of thromboxane A2synthesis as measured with S-TxB2 concentrations and increased platelet reactivity measuredwith VerifyNow in T2DM patients

The implementation of the principle of equity in the context of indemnity

The subject of this publication is an analysis of the regulation contained in Article 7643 of the Civil Code in the context of the principle of equity. This regulation pertains to the indemnity, which is to be given to the agent after termination of an agency contract. Article 7643 of the Civil Code uses indeterminate terms and a general clause relating to the considerations of equity. This article shows how the principle of equity is realized in this clause and what the are terms. It also answers the question as to how they should be understood and interpreted on the basis of Polish civil law, if we take into account the principle of equity.Uniwersytet w Białymstok

Modification of Alginates to Modulate Their Physic-Chemical Properties and Obtain Biomaterials with Different Functional Properties

Modified alginates have a wide range of applications, including in the manufacture of dressings and scaffolds used for regenerative medicine, in systems for selective drug delivery, and as hydrogel materials. This literature review discusses the methods used to modify alginates and obtain materials with new or improved functional properties. It discusses the diverse biological and functional activity of alginates. It presents methods of modification that utilize both natural and synthetic peptides, and describes their influence on the biological properties of the alginates. The success of functionalization depends on the reaction conditions being sufficient to guarantee the desired transformations and provide modified alginates with new desirable properties, but mild enough to prevent degradation of the alginates. This review is a literature description of efficient methods of alginate functionalization using biologically active ligands. Particular attention was paid to methods of alginate functionalization with peptides, because the combination of the properties of alginates and peptides leads to the obtaining of conjugates with properties resulting from both components as well as a completely new, different functionality

Issues forfeiture provision of wicked subject to the State

Rozprawa doktorska zatytułowana „Problematyka przepadku przedmiotu świadczenia niegodziwego na rzecz Skarbu Państwa” traktuje o instytucji cywilnoprawnej uregulowanej w art. 412 k.c. Celem pracy doktorskiej jest, w części teoretycznej, pokazanie, jak funkcjonuje instytucja przepadku świadczenia niegodziwego w obecnym kształcie. Zwrócono tu uwagę na problemy z definiowaniem i interpretacją jakie pojawiają w toku wykładni i stosowania w praktyce art. 412 k.c. oraz jak są lub mogą być one rozwiązane. Ukazano również, jak instytucja ta wyglądałaby, gdyby przedmiotem przepadku nie było samo świadczenie niegodziwe, a roszczenie o wydanie wzbogacenia przysporzonego, w zamian za dokonanie czynu niegodziwego lub w celu niegodziwym. Celem pracy w części empirycznej jest natomiast określenie charakteru instytucji przepadku świadczenia niegodziwego, celu w jakim jest stosowana oraz funkcji, jakie pełni. Służy temu przeprowadzenie szczegółowej analizy postępowań sądowych, w których art. 412 k.c. był podstawą wyrokowania. Główna hipoteza badawcza pracy dotyczy funkcjonowania instytucji przepadku. Na podstawie art. 412 k.c. nie ma możliwości orzeczenia przepadku świadczenia niegodziwego z uwagi na niewłaściwe definiowanie jego przedmiotu oraz błędną wykładnię przesłanek koniecznych do jego zastosowania. W związku z powyższym, zaistniała konieczność zmiany podstaw tej instytucji, które czynią przedmiotem przepadku roszczenie o wydanie wzbogacenia. Drugą hipotezą badawczą, która z kolei odnosi się do części empirycznej pracy, jest stricte karne pojmowanie charakteru instytucji przepadku, celu, w jakim jest stosowana i funkcji, jakie pełni. Weryfikacja tej hipotezy wymagała przeprowadzenia badania akt spraw sądowych i prokuratorskich.The doctoral dissertation entitled "Issues forfeiture provision of wicked subject to the State" is about civil law institutions regulated by article 412 of the Civil Code. The aim of the dissertation is, in the theoretical part, show how the institution forfeiture provision of wicked functions in their current form. Shown problems with defining and interpretation that arise in the course of the interpretation and practical application of article 412 of the Civil Code and how they are or they can be solved. Also shown how this institution would look if it was not subject of same provision wicked to forfeiture, but a claim for the issue of enrichment achieved, in return for a wicked act or to wicked. The aim of the doctoral dissertation in the empirical part is, however, define the nature of the institution forfeiture provision of wicked, the purpose for which it is used and functions that fully. This is achieved by a detailed analysis of court proceedings in which article 412 of the Civil Code was the basis for sentencing. The main hypothesis of the research work concerns the functioning of the institutions forfeiture. On the basis of article 412 of the Civil Code it is not possible confiscation of wicked benefits due to incorrect definition of its subject matter and the incorrect interpretation of the conditions necessary for it use. Therefore, it was necessary to change the foundations of the institution that makes the subject of forfeiture claim for the issue of enrichment. The second research hypothesis, which in turn refers to the part of the empirical work is understanding the criminal nature of the forfeiture institutions, the purpose for which it is used and functions that fully. The verification of this hypothesis required a study of case files of judicial and prosecutorial.Wydział Prawa. Katedra Prawa Cywilnego

The criminal character of the institution forfeiture of article 412 of the Civil Code

The article is about the legal character of the institution of forfeiture (article 412 of the Civil Code). It aims to determine the character (civil or criminal) of this institution. It demonstrates the purpose of the regulation and the history of its development. It shows the perceived character of article 412 of the Civil Code in several periods, and presents a detailed analysis of the expression doctrine of individual periods relating to forfeiture. Particular attention is paid to the mechanism of action of the institution, its similarity to forfeiture as known in criminal law. Establishing the nature of the provision is based primarily on functions and purposes of the forfeiture provision