Evaluation of Carotenoids and Chlorophyll as Natural Resources for Food in Spirulina Microalgae

Microalgae can produce various natural products such as pigments, enzymes, unique fatty acids and vitamins that benefit humans. The objective of the study was evaluation of carotenoids (beta carotene, zeathanthin, lutein, lycopene and astaxanthin) and chlorophyll a in spirulina microalgae. Spirulina powder has been produced by Jordan’s method in Iran. Carotenoids were extracted from Spirulina platensis by adopting a method described by Reboul; then the sample was prepared and injected into a HPLC instrument with triplicate injection. Chlorophyll`s biomass content was determined by spectrophotometer. After assaying the curves of HPLC, the amount of chlorophyll a, astaxanthin, beta carotene, lycopene, zeaxanthin and lutein in spirulina was determined as 4.3±0.14, 0.21±0.02, 7393±2.76, 741±2.32, 6652±3.69 and 424±2.83 μg/ml respectively. Beta carotene account for 80% of the carotenoids present in spirulina after that zeaxanthin was most. At last, Spirulina was a good source for carotenoids as a pro-vitamin A in organisms

The embryonic development and formation of Bunnei (Barbus sharpeyi Gunther, 1874)

Understanding the embryogenesis of Bunni is a useful tool for finding the time and suitable environmental conditions for spawning, growth requirements and use of techniques to increase the growth rate and survival. The stages of embryonic development for Bunnei (Barbus sharpeyi) was investigated in 22°C. The reared brood stocks were spawned in captivity condition. The oocytes were spherical, brown and very adhesive. The cleavage was fast and the first division was recorded within 15-20 minutes after fertilization. The blastulation and gastrulation were investigated in 7:40 and 13:10 hours after fertilization with the yolk sac diameter of 1.18±0.061mm (Mean±SD), respectively. The organogenesis was started 21 hours after the fertilization, when the blastopore was closed and notochord was formed. The embryonic stages were continued by appearance the brain, the somites and the melanophores on the yolk sac. The heart was beaten and shown the blood circulation 65 hours after the fertilization. The head, tail and pectoral fins were moved frequently. The embryo reached to pre hatching and final hatching 79:10 and 84:10 hours after fertilization, respectively, and the embryo existed from corion with the length of about 5.29±0/121mm (Mean±SD)

Study on the growth parameters of Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843) in Shour River, Iran

In this study growth characteristics of 815 tuwini (Capoeta trutta) in Shour River were investigated during July 2010 through June 2011. The population was composed of 62.94% females and 32.02% males. Sex ratio was 1: 1.96, with significant differences observed at 1:1 (x^2= 150.6; df= 1; p<0.05). The age distribution of this population ranged from <1 to 6 years. The distribution of length and weight was between 95 and 300 mm. The average length, except in <1 year olds, was statistically significant between sexes and average weight in all age groups was statistically significant between sexes (p<0.05). Weight-length relationship was determined as W=0.0115L^2.9475 (R=0.91) in males and W=0.0096L^3.0025 (R= 0.88) in females. Von-Bertalanffy growth equation was Lt= 24.5(1-e^-0.333(t+2.54)) for males and Lt= 36.4 (1- e^-0.129(t+4.02)) for females. Growth performance index was also estimated as Φ=2.301 in males and Φ=2.223 in females

Study on effect of different packaging on fillets persistence of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in refrigerated temperature (4°C)

This study was evaluated the influence of different packaging: aerobic, vacuum and sil vacuum on shelf life grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in refrigerated temperature (4°C) by determine microbiological and chemical characteristics. Results showed that in all treatment PV values did not increase of acceptability limit (10 meq/kg) during the storage and in aerobic packaging values of TVN (30.31±0.79 mg/100 g) that were above of acceptable limits. In sil vacuum and vacuum packaging, values of TBA were at acceptable limits during 15th and 9th days for aerobic packaging. In aerobic packaging, the value of TVC 7.80± 0.34 log cfu/ g in 12thand in all packaging in 15th were not at acceptable limits (9.06± 0.34 log cfu/ g in aerobic, 7.52± 0.26 log cfu/ g in vacuum and 7.04± 0.12 log cfu/ g in sil vacuum). Results indicated that the best shelf-life of grass carp fillets observed in sil vacuum and vacuum packaging in 12thduring, but sil vacuum than the better (p<0.05)

Evaluation of the chemical composition and in vitro antimicrobial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis, Zataria multiflora, Anethum graveolens and Eucalyptus globulus against Streptococcus iniae; the cause of zoonotic disease in farmed fish

There is a growing interest of industry to replace synthetic chemicals by natural products with bioactive properties from plant origin. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the factors affecting antimicrobial effectiveness of essential oils Rosmarinus officinalis, Zataria multiflora, Anethum graveolens and Eucalyptus globulus against food spoilage and pathogenic bacteria, Streptococcus iniae; the cause of zoonotic streptococcosis in fish. Food conservation is based on an intermittent search for foods with a high nutritional quality and microbial stability and it has been reached by the control of the growth/survival of spoiling and pathogen foodborne microorganisms. Based on several reports, fish streptococcosis is currently considered as one of the main limiting factors in the aquaculture industry, due to the significant economic losses (annually more than $150 million) that these infections cause in different cultured fresh and seawater fish species worldwide. The sensitivity of S. iniae to antibacterial activity of the essential oils was determined using well diffusion assays and paper disc diffusion method. The ranges of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the oils and extracts were 3.9-250 and 7.8-500 µg/ml and the ranges of minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values for the oils and extracts were found to be in the range of 7.8-250 and 15.6-500 µg/ml, respectively. The essential oils exhibited antibacterial activity against S. iniae. The essential oil of rosemary showed the strongest antimicrobial activity

Lipoma of the nasal septum: A case report

Even routine diagnoses, such as septal deviation, which most people do not think need imaging, require careful examination because rare diagnoses such as lipoma may occur in the nose. Careful examination and imaging lead to the best treatment. © 2020 The Authors. Clinical Case Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Lt

Gastric pull-up with laryngeal preservation of the primary synovial sarcoma of the esophagus: A case report

In patients who require a gastric pull-up, despite bilateral injury to the vocal cords and regurgitation, preservation of the larynx can improve their quality of life. © 2021 The Authors. Clinical Case Reports published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Synergistic effect of Nisin and Cuminum cyminum L. essential oil on the growth of Streptococcus iniae in fillets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

Streptococcus iniae is an emerging zoonotic pathogen that represents a threat to the aquaculture industry worldwide and poses a risk to humans’ health. The aim this study, was to evaluate the effect of cumin (Cuminum cyminum) essential oil and nisin on the growth of S. iniae. For this purpose, the fillets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were inoculated with 103 of S. iniae and afterwards were treated with the different concentrations of cumin essential oil (0, 0.005, 0.135 and 0.405%) as well as nisin (0, 0.25 and 0.75 µg/ml). The samples were stored at 4 and 10 ºC for 15 days. Results revealed that in the samples stored at 4 °C the solo application of each of nisin and cumin essential oil could inhibit the growth of S. iniae until day 9; meanwhile, in combining form the inhibition of bacterial growth was occurred for 3 days. In the samples stored at 10 ºC, nisin and cumin essential oil hindered the bacterial growth for 3 and 6 days, respectively. Moreover, combination of the two materials inhibited the bacterial growth until day 6. The highest synergistic effect was observed in 0.405% of cumin essential oil and 0.75 µg/ml of nisin at 4 ºC. However, at 10 ºC, 0.135 and 0.405% of cumin essential oil together with 0.75 µg/ml of nisin had the highest synergistic effect. As a significant (