Sustainable energy for a resilient future: proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies

Volume I, 898 pages, ISBN 9780853583134 Energy Technologies & Renewables Session 1: Biofuels & Biomass Session 5: Building Energy Systems Session 9: Low-carbon/ Low-energy Technologies Session 13: Biomass Systems Session 16: Solar Energy Session 17: Biomass & Biofuels Session 20: Solar Energy Session 21: Solar Energy Session 22: Solar Energy Session 25: Building Energy Technologies Session 26: Solar Energy Session 29: Low-carbon/ Low-energy Technologies Session 32: Heat Pumps Session 33: Low-carbon/ Low-energy Technologies Session 36: Low-carbon/ Low-energy Technologies Poster Session A Poster Session B Poster Session C Poster Session E Volume II, 644 pages, ISBN 9780853583141 Energy Storage & Conversion Session 2: Heating and Cooling Systems Session 6: Heating and Cooling Systems Session 10: Ventilation and Air Conditioning Session 14: Smart and Responsive Buildings Session 18: Phase Change Materials Session 23: Smart and Responsive Buildings Session 30: Heating and Cooling System Session 34: Carbon Sequestration Poster Session A Poster Session C Poster Session D Policies & Management Session 4: Environmental Issues and the Public Session 8: Energy and Environment Security Session 12: Energy and Environment Policies Poster Session A Poster Session D Volume III, 642 pages, ISBN 9780853583158 Sustainable Cities & Environment Session 3: Sustainable and Resilient Cities Session 7: Energy Demand and Use Optimization Session 11: Energy Efficiency in Buildings Session 15: Green and Sustainable Buildings Session 19: Green Buildings and Materials Session 24: Energy Efficiency in Buildings Session 27: Energy Efficiency in Buildings Session 28: Energy Efficiency in Buildings Session 31: Energy Efficiency in Buildings Session 35: Energy Efficiency in Buildings Poster Session A Poster Session D Poster Session

An investigation into the use of thermal mass to improve comfort in British housing

The UK Government has set ambitious targets for reducing energy use in buildings, including the target for all new homes to be zero-carbon by 2016. In addition, the government is committed to promote Modern Methods of Construction (MMC) as a solution for the shortage in housing that the country has been experiencing for a number of years. MMC have the potential to meet the new stricter building regulations and produce better quality homes that may use less energy for space heating but may also create homes that are more susceptible to overheating. Hence the paradox lies on the fact that a rising demand for cooling may be a result of the effort to reduce energy demand for heating. This innovative research evaluates eight different construction methods built to meet the proposed targets and demonstrates by means of computer simulations and field monitoring that overheating in British homes may be a serious current issue if it is not accounted for during the design and construction of houses and that it will be a major problem in the future, when most of the houses built now will still be in use. It also shows that traditional heavyweight thermal mass integrated in a dwelling envelope may help overcome the issue but it presents limited benefits in highly insulated buildings and its integration may jeopardise some of the benefits of MMC constructions. Therefore the use of solutions such as Phase Change Materials (PCM) and Earth-Air Heat Exchangers (EAHE) may become of more importance in the near future. These strategies have been assessed by means of computer simulation, laboratory and field experimental work and have been shown effective. Two real life applications where these strategies are combined, the Stoneguard House and the BASF House, both part of the Creative Energy Homes project, have been investigated. The houses were appraised not just in today's climate but also in the future, taking into account some of the potential effects of climate change. In addition, a novel type of low-energy space conditioning system has been proposed by the author and tested with positive results. The hybrid system integrates PCMs and EAHEs aiming to overcome the limitations of both strategies and to provide occupants with a pleasant alternative to the conventional air-condition systems

Community energy schemes: the role of public participation and engagement

Faced by global challenges brought on by climate-change and over-reliance on fossil fuels, more people are looking towards developing energy systems characterised by renewables. Community energy groups have been identified as key stakeholders who could play a strategic role in enabling the transition to a clean and affordable energy supply. Acting as a contact for local energy consumers they can help residents engage with energy matters by harnessing local natural resources to build social capital, creating revenue to address community needs and combating fuel poverty. As these groups are defined by the communities in which they exist, public participation and engagement is vital to their success. The extent of community involvement could include identifying needs, generating solutions, seeking funding and managing assets to enable positive socio-economic impacts. In this paper, the authors examine how a community energy group in Nottingham adopted a model of local energy generation and storage to improve their energy security and to reduce fuel poverty. Results indicate that the use of various engagement strategies provides opportunities to encourage active discussions, explain processes and gather feedback. The regular planning of these sessions helps to maintain momentum, enthusiasm and commitment and encourage wider participation as the project progresses

Tapping the potential for energy storage in community energy initiatives

Driven by environmental concerns resulting from global warming, interest in renewable energy has grown in recent times. Similarly, improved efficiency and reliability in energy technologies have played a significant role in facilitating their adaptation at various scales. Of these technologies, energy storage has been suggested to have potentially far-reaching benefits including: more effective utilisation of renewable sources, better integration into smart energy systems and the improvement of grid reliability. In a community energy setting, energy storage can be used to stow away energy generated during low demand periods. This energy can then be accessed by community members at a lower cost during periods when there is higher demand and when energy is more likely to be expensive to buy. In this paper, the authors review the potential benefits of integrating energy storage into community energy initiatives based on the experiences of a community energy company set up in the Meadows in Nottingham, UK. In addition, the barriers they experienced when trying to maximise on these benefits including inefficient government policy and regulations, high capital cost and a lack of replicable business models, are highlighted. The results from t this case study review indicate that the introduction of energy storage can facilitate the future-proofing of community energy infrastructure with increased community and grid efficiencies as well as improve community resilience to changes in energy provision, particularly with regard to finances and infrastructure

From grey towards green: about the urban energy fold at Symbiont City

Instead of the energy and ecological relocation, SYMBIONT City detects energy opportunities and possible urban folding to achieve thermodynamic benefits. Although some agendas have already fostered the concept of symbiotic planning, neither current infrastructural systems nor urban regulatory frameworks allow for its real implementation. SYMBIONT is a set of local laboratories designed to enable new synergies between waste, energy and information flows on existing urban waste transfer facilities. It pretends to raise the level of urban resilience in cities by acting on existing urban facilities and adjacent urban setting through the implementation of local laboratories able to monitor, process, and reconnect existing waste, energy and information flows while recovering the notion of infrastructure as public space through social engagement actions. These spatial facilities have a strategic value as nodal urban locations—with potential phase-change capacity—for neighbourhood waste and energy flows. These micro-infrastructural interventions will help in the aforementioned transition allowing for a turn from “grey” towards “green” infrastructures, with capacity to provide social, ecological and economic benefits to urban communities such as reduction of waste disposal, local energy generation and storage, improvement of air quality, reduction of energy costs and new opportunities to social cohesion and engagement

An analysis of thermal comfort in primary schools in Vietnam

There is a trend of installing air conditioning systems in public primary schools that are currently naturally ventilated in Vietnam. A previous study conducted by the authors provided evidence that there is limited need for air conditioning in Vietnamese mid-season and the hottest season. In this study, the authors investigated thermal comfort and users’ perceptions in three primary schools in Ho Chi Minh City during the hottest season (April 2016) and the coldest season (December 2016 – January 2017). In-situ spot and long-term measurements were recorded. Questionnaires were completed by 3,960 children (age range from 8 to 11 years) and the teachers to inform the study about their experiences and the extent of their interaction with the building in 97 free-running classrooms. The results were analysed by correlating the conditions measured and the comfort mean votes. The neutral temperatures were respectively 31.7oC and 31.1oC for the hottest and coldest seasons. Children were observed to tolerate higher thermal comfort condition than the recommended values in the standards. Compared with the results of the hottest season, the thermal sensation mean vote reduced from (0.29) to (0.12) when the decrease of the mean temperature was from 33.3oC to 31.8oC in the coldest season. The temperature of 33oC was proposed for the overheating benchmark. The results indicated that Vietnamese children adapted to hot climate and had higher thermal comfort tolerance than adults. Preliminary findings suggest that it is unnecessary to use air conditioning system all year round. These findings could help and encourage architects and engineers to deliver schools reaching acceptable comfort levels without the need of air conditioning system

Children thermal comfort in primary schools in Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam

Indoor environmental quality significantly impacts on students’ performance and productivity, particularly thermal comfort levels. Currently in Vietnam, very few studies have dealt with the issue and the current trend is to install energy-intensive air-conditioning in primary schools as this is perceived as more comfortable. In this study, the authors investigated the users’ perceptions of thermal comfort in three primary schools in Ho Chi Minh City during the mid-season (September 2015) and the hottest season (April 2016). In-situ spot and long-term measurements were recorded. Questionnaires were completed by 2,145 children (from 8 to 11 years-old) and 62 teachers to understand their experiences and the extent of their interaction with the building in 62 naturally ventilated classrooms. The results were analysed by correlating the conditions measured and the comfort mean votes. Throughout this study, children were observed to tolerate higher thermal comfort condition than the recommended values in the standards. Around 7% of the occupied time during academic year presented temperatures over 33oC, in which less than 80% of the children voted acceptable. The results indicated that Vietnamese children had higher thermal comfort tolerance than the comfort levels suggested in the standards. Using air conditioning system all year round was deemed unnecessary

The case for hybrid ventilated primary schools in Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam

This study investigates indoor environmental quality and users’ perception in 14 classrooms of a mixed-mode ventilated primary school in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, during the rainy season by qualitative and quantitative research methods. Spot and long-term measurements were recorded, covering a range of environmental parameters such as air temperature, relative humidity, CO2 concentration level, illuminance and sound level. A questionnaire was conducted and answered by 451 children (eight to eleven year olds) to investigate their perception of the thermal and visual comfort, indoor air quality, noise and overall comfort in the classrooms. In addition, 14 teachers were asked to inform the study about their experiences and behaviours in the classrooms. The results were analysed by cross relating the measured environmental conditions and the comfort vote on a seven-point scale

A review of the potential of smart homes to support independent living

Between 2015 and 2050, the proportion of the world's population over 60 years of age is expected to nearly double, from 12% to 22%. Whilst hospitals offer care to people with health problems, support at home is generally limited to carers, a costly labour intensive method that impacts on the ability of many elderly patients to live independently. This pushes the demand for housing that caters for elderly people allowing them to remain in their homes but with some level of healthcare support. In the UK, the domestic sector currently accounts for around 30% of total energy consumption and contributes in the region of 27% of total carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions. With an ageing population, offering healthy environments with a cushion against rising energy prices will be essential for people spending most of their time at home and often living on limited budgets. In this context, the drive to reduce energy consumption and associated greenhouse gas emissions from housing has acted as a catalyst in the increasing installation of meters and sensors for monitoring energy use and indoor environmental conditions in buildings. These monitoring technologies can track and record a range of parameters such as temperature, air quality, occupant behaviour etc. Many of these could be optimised to help create environments that assist people such as the elderly to live at home. This paper aims to review relevant studies and technologies in the areas of smart, energy-efficient and lifetime homes, identifying some of the health needs of elderly people who could live at home if provided with adequate support, the range and type of technologies that could be employed to this objective, and suitable metrics to be used to measure the effectiveness of these technologies. The paper concludes that there is a limited evidence base on the health effects of energy-efficient homes, highlighting the need for more research and post occupancy evaluation using indoor environmental quality monitoring technology and wearable devices to analyse not only the energy performance of ‘green’ housing but also the possible effects of indoor environmental conditions on the subjective and objective wellbeing of occupants

The case for internalising externalities in a sustainable rail asset base

Although the concept of sustainability and Sustainable development has tended to be mostly associated with the management of natural resources and the consequent environmental impact, the most accepted definition draws together its social, economic and environmental dimensions. The rail industry, as provider of a low carbon transport system, is well placed to have a significant role to play in promoting an environmental, economic and social balance that can be sustained and afforded for the foreseeable future. The paper suggests that a more comprehensive perspective on the scope of a sustainable intervention in rail infrastructure assets is needed, arguing that the necessary whole life evaluation process should include an additional positive externality: the uplift in knowledge, skill and expertise that comes about as a result of participation in projects and programmes. The inclusion of this benefit would provide a more accurate representation of value to support investment decision making and strengthen the case for a broader funding base. And that the demonstration of the correlation between participation in projects and programmes and the consequent uplift in skill, knowledge and expertise could be used to shift the emphasis in rail project planning