‘Everyone thought I was a very very bad person… no one want to know you like the nurses and doctors’:using focus groups to elicit the views of adults with learning disability who use challenging behaviour services

and Tables S1–S3. (PDF 3090 kb

An epigenetic clock for gestational age at birth based on blood methylation data

Background: Gestational age is often used as a proxy for developmental maturity by clinicians and researchers alike. DNA methylation has previously been shown to be associated with age and has been used to accurately estimate chronological age in children and adults. In the current study, we examine whether DNA methylation in cord blood can be used to estimate gestational age at birth. Results: We find that gestational age can be accurately estimated from DNA methylation of neonatal cord blood and blood spot samples. We calculate a DNA methylation gestational age using 148 CpG sites selected through elastic net regression in six training datasets. We evaluate predictive accuracy in nine testing datasets and find that the accuracy of the DNA methylation gestational age is consistent with that of gestational age estimates based on established methods, such as ultrasound. We also find that an increased DNA methylation gestational age relative to clinical gestational age is associated with birthweight independent of gestational age, sex, and ancestry. Conclusions: DNA methylation can be used to accurately estimate gestational age at or near birth and may provide additional information relevant to developmental stage. Further studies of this predictor are warranted to determine its utility in clinical settings and for research purposes. When clinical estimates are available this measure may increase accuracy in the testing of hypotheses related to developmental age and other early life circumstances.Peer reviewe

Distribution and correlation between air pollutants for one-week averaged concentrations between 1999 and 2011.

<p>* p-value <0.05.</p

Baseline characteristics of the 882 Normative Aging Study participants.

<p>*<b>mg/dL.</b></p><p><b>**mg/L.</b></p><p><b>***ng/mL.</b></p

Percent change in fibrinogen for one interquartile range increase in air pollutant according to the endothelial dysfunction genetic score (low versus high).

<p>Percent change in fibrinogen for one interquartile range increase in air pollutant according to the endothelial dysfunction genetic score (low versus high).</p

Percent change in blood markers (fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, and ICAM-1) for one interquartile range increase in air pollutant according to metal processing dysfunction genetic score (low versus high).

<p>Percent change in blood markers (fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, and ICAM-1) for one interquartile range increase in air pollutant according to metal processing dysfunction genetic score (low versus high).</p

Percent change in fibrinogen for one interquartile range increase in air pollutant according to the oxidative stress genetic score (low versus high).

<p>Percent change in fibrinogen for one interquartile range increase in air pollutant according to the oxidative stress genetic score (low versus high).</p

Additional file 2: Table S2. of Neurodevelopmental outcomes among 2- to 3-year-old children in Bangladesh with elevated blood lead and exposure to arsenic and manganese in drinking water

Multivariate model between As, Mn, and Pb and BSID-III scores at 20–40 months. Table S3. Multivariate model between As, Mn, and Pb and BSID-III scores at 20–40 months. Table S4. Multivariate model between As, Mn, and Pb and Bayley z-scores at 20–40 months. Table S5. Multivariate model between As and Mn (early pregnancy) and Pb exposures and Bayley z-scores at 20–40 months. Table S6. Multivariate model between As, Mn (1 month post-partum) and Pb and Bayley z-scores at 20–40 months. (DOCX 25 kb

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Supplemental Informatio

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Stunting is associated with blood lead concentration among Bangladeshi children aged 2-3 years

Demographics of total, current and excluded population. Table S2. Heavy metal exposure distribution of total, current and excluded population. (DOCX 30 kb