Seroprevalence of Leptospira infection in slaughtered cattle in Unguja Island, Zanzibar, Tanzania

Background: Leptospirosis is an important disease of global distribution affecting humans and animals in the tropical and subtropical regions caused by pathogenic Leptospira serovars. It’s an occupational disease with little information in Unguja Island, Zanzibar.  Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in four selected slaughter facilities to determine the seroprevalence for Leptospira infection in slaughtered cattle in Unguja Island, Zanzibar. The blood samples and demographic data from 355 slaughtered cattle were collected and sera were separated for the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) by using five types of Leptospira serovars; Hebdomadis, Sokoine, Lora, Grippotyphosa and Pomona with cutoff titer ≥ 1:40. The Chi-square test at p < 0.05 was used to assess the association between the variables and seropositivity of Leptospira infection. Results: The overall seroprevalence of Leptospira infection in the slaughtered cattle sampled was 13.0% (46/355). The predominant serovars from the tested serogroups were Hebdomadis (3.9%), followed by Pomona (2.8%), Grippotyphosa (2.8%), and Lora (2.3%); while the least reacted was Sokoine (1.1%).  The body condition score was the only significant significant variable (χ2=103.9038, p=0.00001) associated with Leptospira infection seropositivity. Conclusion: The study offers the first report on the Leptospira seroprevalence in slaughtered cattle on Unguja Island. This might be a probable source of infection to slaughter facilities workers and other animals encroaching on the area. Therefore, precautions should be observed to prevent infection, especially for slaughter facility workers in Unguja.

Jednodnevni kunići kao model za uzrokovanje proljeva enterohemoragičnim sojevima bakterije Escherichia coli

Day-old infant rabbits inoculated with enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 strain developed severe diarrhoea and ruffl ed coats, usually culminating in death. All rabbits (n=8) inoculated intragastrically with either UMDL 29 or MC 110 developed severe diarrhoea two days post inoculation. None of the control rabbits inoculated with PBS developed diarrhoea. The UMDL 29 and MC 110 infected rabbits also developed ruffl ed coats by day two post inoculation. Mortality started to occur on day four post infection. The diarrhoea which started 24 hr post inoculation was associated with loss of mass and infl ammation of the intestines. At necropsy, the ceca and colons of rabbits inoculated with either UMDL 29 or MC 110 were distended or fi lled with loose stool and fl uids. In contrast, the ceca and colons of rabbits inoculated with PBS were not distended and contained hard, formed pellets. The intestinal contents of the infected rabbits that died and of those that were euthanatized were fi lled with watery content. A microscopic examination of colons showed mild infl ammatory cell infi ltration, thinning of the intestinal wall, or necrotic foci. The lungs of infected rabbits were congested. The limitations of current animal models led us to reexamine the day-old infant rabbit model for the study of EHEC pathogenicity. This study indicates that infant rabbits are a useful model for investigation of the intestinal stage of EHEC pathogenesis and suggest that shiga toxin and other virulence factors of E. coli O157 may play a critical role in causing diarrhea and infl ammation in patients infected with EHEC.Pokusna zaraza enterohemoragičnim sojem bakterije Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 u jednodnevnih se kunića očitovala teškim proljevom, kovrčavom dlakom i uginućem. Teški proljev u kunića (n=8) zaraženih u želudac sojem označenim UMDL 29 ili sojem MC 110 razvio se dva dana nakon inokulacije. Proljev se nije javio u kontrolnih kunića inokuliranih puferiranom fi ziološkom otopinom. Kovrčavost dlačnog pokrivača javila se također dva dana nakon infekcije. Uginuća su se počela javljati četiri dana nakon infekcije. Proljev koji je započeo 24 sata nakon inokulacije javio se kao posljedica upale crijeva, a doveo je do gubitka tjelesne mase. Razudbom je ustanovljeno da su slijepa crijeva u inokuliranih kunića bila naduta ili ispunjena rijetkim sadržajem odnosno tekućinom. Suprotno, slijepa crijeva i debelo crijevo kunića koji su dobili puferiranu fi ziološku otopinu nisu bila naduta, a sadržavala su tvrdo formirani feces. Crijevni sadržaj uginulih kao i eutanaziranih kunića bio je vodenast. Mikroskopska pretraga tkiva kolona pokazala je blagu infi ltraciju upalnih stanica, stanjenu stijenku crijeva i nekrotična žarišta. Ustanovljena je kongestija pluća u zaraženih kunića. Ograničene mogućnosti rabljenja dosadašnjih životinjskih modela potaknule su na ponovnu uporabu jednodnevnih kunića kao modela za istraživanje patogenosti EHEC. Može se zaključiti da se jednodnevni kunići mogu rabiti za proučavanje patogeneze crijevne infekcije uzrokovane EHEC te da šiga toksin i drugi čimbenici virulencije bakterije E. coli O157 imaju kritičnu ulogu u nastanku proljeva i upale u pacijenata infi ciranih EHEC

APOPO's tuberculosis research agenda:achievements,challenges and prospects

Tanzania Journal of Health Research 2012 : 4(2).This article describes Anti-Persoonsmijnen Ontmijnende Product Ontwikkeling (APOPO) recent use of specially trained African giant pouched rats as detectors of pulmonary tuberculosis in people living in Tanzania. It summarizes the achievements and challenges encountered over the years and outlines future prospects. Since 2008, second-line screening by the rats has identified more than 2000 tuberculosis-positive patients who were missed by microscopy at Direct Observation of Treatment – Short Course centres in Tanzania. Moreover, data that are reviewed herein have been collected with respect to the rats’ sensitivity and specificity in detecting tuberculosis. Findings strongly suggest that scent-detecting rats offer a quick and practical tool for detecting pulmonary tuberculosis and within the year APOPO’s tuberculosis-detection project will be extended to Mozambique. As part of its local capacity building effort, APOPO hires and trains Tanzanians to play many important roles in its TB detection project and provides research and training opportunities for Tanzanian students