Forced displacement and internal migration in Colombia, 1992-2004

This document deconstructs the issue of forced displacement in Colombia, focusing on the period 1992 – 2004, and has two main methodological features. The first is its interdisciplinary approach, which is both sociological and economic. The second is its multilevel orientation, which aims to tackle forced displacement in Colombia on the individual, community and aggregate levels. Given the lack of interdisciplinary theoretical approaches to forced migration, I propose a new one, based on bounded rationality from economic theory and using Castles (2003) and Richmond (1988) for the sociology of forced migration. In order to properly characterise the concept of forced displacement as one of the many modalities of migration, my literature review expands on the thesis’ remit, both in time and scope, including studies of internal migration in Colombia, between 1960 and 2004. The review reveals some interesting lacunas and regularities in the study of forced migration in Colombia: the lack of interdisciplinary studies, the lack of consensus about the real dimension of forced displacement in Colombia - as a consequence of the divergent and hence unreliable nature of current statistics - the historic role of violence for flows of migration in Colombia, the importance of land appropriation and illegal economic activities as catalysts for the decision to migrate, and the specific profiles of gender and ethnic backgrounds. These issues are addressed in three chapters: one concentrates on deconstructing the different statistics available for forced displacement in Colombia, the systems devoted to collect them and the subjective reasons that may explain the differences between them: another evaluates the recurrence of specific patterns of ethnic background and gender among a displaced community and the third evaluates he lack of social cohesion as anomie, through applying the scale of Srole (1956) as used by Lipman and Havens (1965) in their study of the anomie among displaced people in Colombia

Predicción de crisis financieras. Una crítica a los modelos de tercera generación

Este documento comprende un recorrido teórico e histórico sobre las posibilidades e implicaciones de la predictibilidad o no de las crisis económicas y financieras. Con el objetivo de comprender la naturaleza que caracteriza la recurrencia de las crisis, se reflexiona alrededor del concepto de predicción en el marco de los constructos desarrollados por la ciencia económica, y la evidencia histórica presentada desde finales del siglo XIX. Se presenta una exploración crítica de los paradigmas, modelos e instrumentos para la predicción de crisis, recuperando evidencia sobre las limitaciones que obstruyen la predictibilidad. El tratamiento empírico se consolida alrededor de un Sistema de Alertas Tempranas (SAT) para la economía colombiana desde 1980 hasta 2015.Abstract. This document is a theoretical and historical overview of the possibilities and implications of predictability or not the economic and financial crisis. In order to understand the nature that characterizes the recurrence of the crisis, I reflect on the concept of prediction in the context of the constructs developed by economic science, and historical evidence presented since the late nineteenth century. A critical exploration of paradigms, models and tools for predicting crisis is presented to recovering evidence of the limitations that obstruct the predictability. Empiric treatment is consolidated around an Early Warning System (EWS) for the colombian economy from 1980 to 2015.Maestrí

El perfil de la informalidad laboral en Colombia

We analyze the implementation process of the concept of labor informality into theColombian labor market. Taking this concept as departure point, we dissect labor market informality in Colombia, its main components and features. By using data from the 2010 GEIH-DANE household survey we contrast the informality rate and its components, as given by three different definitions: the standard Colombian one (DANE-PREALC), and a weak" and "strong" ones, being this last one closer to the ICLS-Delhi one. Our results show that despite the fact that the informality rate seems to be around the same level for the two main definitions, informality components and features do variate, mostly due to the fact that the ICLS-Delhi definition is more focused on the quality of employment, whereas the DANE-PREALC one, emphasizes payroll size as identification criteria. We argue that these specific features highly challenge the standard Colombian policy approach to reduce labor informality.**Este documento analiza el proceso de implementación del concepto de informalidad en elanálisis del mercado laboral colombiano. A la luz de dicho concepto, abordamos laevolución de la informalidad laboral en Colombia, sus principales componentes ycaracterísticas. Utilizando información de la Encuesta de Hogares GEIH-DANE 2010contrastamos la tasa de informalidad y su composición, generadas por la definición DANE-PREALC, contra dos definiciones (débil y fuerte), siendo esta última semejante a la sugerida por la CIET-Delhi. Nuestros resultados muestran que si bien la tasa deinformalidad no parece modificarse en términos de su valor, su composición internaadquiere interesantes patrones, en su mayor parte derivados del hecho de que la definición CIET-Delhi enfatiza el análisis de la informalidad en el puesto de trabajo por encima del de informalidad por tamaño de establecimiento. Estas características plantean importantes cuestionamientos a la forma en que las políticas públicas han enfrentado la informalidad laboral en Colombia."Employed, Informal sector, Social Security, Colombia.**Ocupados, Informalidad, Seguridad Social, Colombia

Correlations between GIS-Based Urban Building Densification Analysis and Climate Guidelines for Mediterranean Courtyards

This study identifies and proposes A GIS-based exploration of the relationships between aspect ratio of inner courtyards, porosity of the urban fabric and the climatic factors where it is located. To perform that comparison, morphological and measurement methods have been used to delineate spatial boundaries of urban densification. This methodology has been applied to a case study in Spain, where regulation establishes several climatic zones. Examples of cities in these zones have been examined to establish possible correlations. This paper analyses the particularities of these different urban scenarios, considering the effects of climate on the real urban densification. The purpose of this study is to find a relationship between the historical inner courtyards dimensions and the climate of the zone where they are located. In order to frame the real thermal behaviour of the inner courtyard in the context of the vernacular typologies studied, a representative sample of inner courtyards has been selected. The monitoring data presented allow quantifying the courtyard’s ability to temper the maximum temperature values

How is metapopulation resilience affected by longitudinal connectivity? A criterion for the restoration of river networks

Climate change is rearranging the limits of geographic distributions of species. The populations inhabiting the latitudinal margins of a species' range are likely to be sensitive to climatic drivers. If these populations are extirpated, a latitudinal shift of the range is produced. When species are spatially structured into metapopulations, these will experiment a negative growth trajectory, and eventually become extirpated, when extinction rate (e) of local populations (demes) exceeds the rate of establishment of new colonies in available empty patches (mp). Dispersal among patches is a process of central significance for the recolonization rate (mp). Therefore, the loss of longitudinal connectivity in river networks is likely to enhance the latitudinal displacement of a species' range in its rear edge, by reducing that rate. Moreover, if climate drifts towards more meridional conditions, the thermal habitat of some species can become constrained, and the extinction rates of local populations increased. This might be the case of salmonid species in southern Europe. In this work the functioning of a salmonid metapopulation has been modeled by means of several coupled logistic population dynamics models with population viability thresholds. It has been parameterized for a very simple real metapopulation of introduced Salvelinus fontinalis in a glacier lakes system in the mountains of Central Spain. The resilience of the metapopulation has been expressed as a function of the connectivity among demes. Thus, the metapopulation resilience is proposed as a new criterion to assess the efficiency of the restoration of the longitudinal connectivity within a river network

Evaluación de la protección conseguida en la cuenca de un torrente de montaña ante los daños causados por eventos torrenciales mediante su restauración hidrológico-forestal. Cuenca del torrente de Arratiecho en el Pirineo Aragonés, España.

La demanda continua e insistente de innovación en el ámbito cotidiano, nos hace perder la perspectiva de análisis cuando los procesos requieren un periodo prolongado para resolverse. Esto ocurre con los bosques ubicados en cuencas vertientes a torrentes de montaña, que tienen su origen en la restauración hidrológico-forestal llevada a cabo en las mismas, como complemento de los trabajos de corrección hidráulica efectuados en los torrentes, para controlar los procesos de erosión, inundaciones y aterramientos, desencadenados en diferentes zonas de la cuenca, cuando se dinamizan en ella los ciclos del agua y de los sedimentos a causa de los aguaceros o de la repentina fusión del manto de nieve. La cuenca vertiente al torrente de Arratiecho, situada en el municipio de Biescas, Pirineo Aragonés, fue restaurada y el barranco corregido entre 1903-05; para evitar su desertificación ante la erosión generalizada que sufría la misma, frenar el deslizamiento de una ladera morrénica y reducir los efectos de las inundaciones y aterramientos en su cono de sedimentación, donde se ubican los terrenos más fértiles y le atraviesa la carretera nacional N-260. Se comentan los trabajos realizados y los resultados obtenidos un siglo después, atendiendo especialmente a la evolución de las reforestaciones, siguiendo los criterios utilizados en el análisis de los bosques protectores

SIGCRANE

Este trabajo pretende dar a conocer, las técnicas y procedimientos que se han desarrollado como parte de la solución tecnológica, creada para las empresas de transporte y comercialización de servicios de grúa y carga. Se describen los diferentes modelos y técnicas, necesarios para la creación de Software de gestión web; hecho para las compañías de transporte de grúa. El proyecto tiene como nombre la sigla SICRAME. Mediante la ejecución de los módulos, necesarios para la operación de las Compañías de grúas, hemos producido una herramienta tecnológica. La cual permitirá, no solo ganar en tiempos; sino que, además ofrecerá a las empresas una manera eficiente de administrar la información de la operación

Design and Implementation of a Smart Sensor for Respiratory Rate Monitoring

This work presents the design, development and implementation of a smart sensor to monitor the respiratory rate. This sensor is aimed at overcoming the drawbacks of other systems currently available in market, namely, devices that are costly, uncomfortable, difficult-to-install, provide low detection sensitivity, and little-to-null patient-to-patient calibration. The device is based on capacitive sensing by means of an LC oscillator. Experimental results show that the sensor meets the necessary requirements, making feasible the proposed monitoring system with the technology usedMinisterio de Ciencia e Innovación y Unión Europea FPA2010-22131-C02-02Consejo Andaluz de Innovación, Ciencia y Empresa P08-TIC-04069 y P10-TIC- 631