A Culturally and Linguistically Responsive Framework for Improving Academic and Postsecondary Outcomes of Students with Moderate or Severe Intellectual Disability

The needs of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students with moderate or severe intellectual disability (ID) are quite unique and complex. CLD students with moderate or severe ID face many of the same issues as their non-disabled CLD peers; however, due to the nature of their disability this may lead to even less access to the general curriculum, appropriate services, materials, and meaningful collaboration between families and educators. The purpose of this article is to provide a culturally responsive framework for facilitating academic instruction for CLD students with moderate or severe ID that also includes appropriate supports in an effort to increase access to postsecondary outcomes for this population. Suggestions for accessing the general curriculum and a discussion about increasing parental involvement and accessing appropriate adult agencies to further enhance these outcomes are provided

To mix or not to mix: Details of magma storage, recharge, and remobilization during the Pacheco stage at Misti Volcano, Peru (≤21–2 ka)

Investigamos diez de los depósitos de caída de tefra más recientes emplazados entre ≤21 y 2 ka de la etapa Pacheco del volcán Misti, Perú, para dilucidar la dinámica del magma y los desencadenantes de erupciones explosivas relacionados con el almacenamiento, recarga y removilización del magma. Las texturas y composiciones de rocas enteras, vidrio y minerales indican la presencia de magmas ampliamente félsicos, intermedios y máficos en un sistema de almacenamiento de magma estratificado química y térmicamente (Zonas 1 a 3) que interactúan en diferentes grados antes de la erupción. Los magmas intermedios se definen por plagioclasa + anfíbol + dos piroxenos + óxidos de Fe-Ti y los equilibrios de fases indican que se formaron a ~300–600 MPa y ~950–1000 °C. Los magmas intermedios dominan la etapa Pacheco y estallaron solos como magmas hibridados o se mezclaron con volúmenes menores de magmas félsicos fríos (~800 °C) en los que solo plagioclasa + óxidos de Fe-Ti son estables. Los magmas félsicos no comprenden exclusivamente ningún depósito de caída de tefra emplazado durante la etapa Pacheco, sino que fueron removilizados mediante recarga y mezcla con magmas intermedios para entrar en erupción. Además, los anfíboles alojados en félsico afines a los magmas intermedios reaccionan a pesar de que los magmas félsicos están saturados de agua, lo que sugiere que se encuentran por encima del límite de estabilidad del anfíbol (≤200 MPa). La presencia críptica de magmas máficos está indicada por núcleos de plagioclasa con alto contenido de An (An 74–88 ), olivino anédrico raro (Fo 77–80 ) y posiblemente augita y anfíbol con alto contenido de Mg# (hasta Mg# 84 y 77, respectivamente). La escasez de fundidos de basalto a andesita basáltica registrada en vasos en erupción y la exclusividad de plagioclasa con alto contenido de An en núcleos de cristal indican que los magmas máficos se encuentran en etapas más profundas en la corteza que los magmas intermedios. Las interacciones periódicas entre estos magmas rastreados a través de composiciones de vidrio e intercambio de cristales revelan una alternancia entre la producción de magmas mezclados y su erupción poco después de un evento de recarga, seguida de un período de homogeneización y erupción de magmas hibridados. Como tal, identificamos la recarga de magma como un mecanismo clave por el cual la mitad del En el estadio Pacheco se desencadenaron erupciones explosivas. Un aumento de >100 °C en las temperaturas de las fumarolas de Misti de 1967 a 2018 coincidente con cambios en la composición del gas fumarólico es consistente con la desgasificación de un magma de recarga máfica, lo que indica que Misti podría producir erupciones explosivas similares en el futuro

The Sacarosa Tephra-fall Deposit Emplaced by a Plinian Eruption of Misti Volcano, Southern Peru at <=33.7 ka

Misti volcano is one of eight active volcanoes in southern Peru and is within the Central Andean Volcanic Zone. The volcano’s summit is located about 17 km northeast of the historic city center of Arequipa, Peru, a city with a population surpassing one million inhabitants. During the past 40 ky, Misti’s eruptive activity has been dominantly explosive, generating pyroclastic-density currents and tephra falls, but the volcano has also experienced dome growth and collapse and produced voluminous lahars. During this period of eruptive activity, Misti produced an explosive eruption which emplaced a well-sorted tephra-fall deposit informally called the Sacarosa. Few eruptions or their deposits, such as the Sacarosa have been investigated in detail at Misti. We provide the first comprehensive description of the Sacarosa and the eruption that emplaced it. The deposit contains a notable quantity of loose crystals of plagioclase, amphibole, biotite (sometimes bronzy), and scant Fe-Ti oxides, which combined can be 65¬–70 vol.% of the deposit’s fine matrix. The unit’s bright white, sub-angular pumice are dacite (65 wt.% SiO2), have sub-rounded vesicles, and a phenocryst assemblage of 7–10 vol.% plagioclase, 5–7 vol.% amphibole, 2–3 vol.% biotite, and trace Fe-Ti oxides. Altered and rare fresh lithics compose <1 vol.% of the deposit and are usually only present in outcrops most proximal to the volcano. Similar to many of Misti’s other tephra-fall deposits, the Sacarosa has a dispersal axis to the southwest and crops out in Arequipa’s districts of Mariano Melgar, Alto Selva Alegre, Cayma, Cerro Colorado, and Yura. Along its dispersal axis, the unit is 1.2 m thick at about 10 km from Misti’s crater, thinning to 0.24 m thick at about 20 km from the vent. From the unit’s pumice isopleths, an eruption column of ~19 km above sea level is inferred with a wind velocity of about 18 m/s. From the unit’s isopachs, a volume between 0.5 km3 and 2.5 km3 is calculated, allowing the eruption to be classified as a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) 5 Plinian eruption. Charcoal collected at two locations from within the upper 10 cm of a paleosol underlying the Sacarosa yielded uncalibrated 14C ages of 33.7 kBP. The Sacarosa is younger than 33.7 kBP, but the proximity of the charcoal to the paleosurface suggests that emplacement occurred probably within several thousand years or less of the constraining age. There are many tephra-fall deposits at Misti younger than the Sacarosa, including many from likely Holocene eruptions. Compared to these other deposits, the Sacarosa eruption is representative of the volcano’s larger magnitude eruptions. Undoubtedly, Misti will erupt again in the future. If such an eruption were to be a VEI 5, like that inferred to have produced the Sacarosa, it would severely impact Arequipa and result in economic losses on a local, regional, and national scale

Structural Studies of Bacterioferritin B (BfrB) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa Suggest a Gating Mechanism for Iron Uptake via the Ferroxidase Center

The structure of recombinant P. aeruginosa bacterioferritin B (Pa BfrB) has been solved from crystals grown from protein devoid of core mineral iron (as-isolated) and from protein mineralized with ~ 600 iron atoms (mineralized). Structures were also obtained from crystals grown from mineralized BfrB after soaking them in FeSO4 solution (Fe soak) and in separate experiments after soaking them in FeSO4 solution followed by soaking in crystallization solution (double soak). Although the structures consist of a typical bacterioferritin fold comprised of a nearly spherical 24-mer assembly that binds 12 heme molecules, comparison of microenvironments observed in the distinct structures provided interesting insights: The ferroxidase center in the as-isolated, mineralized and double soak structures is empty. The ferroxidase ligands (except His130) are poised to bind iron with minimal conformational changes. The His130 side chain, on the other hand, must rotate toward the ferroxidase center to coordinate iron. In comparison, the structure obtained from crystals soaked in an FeSO4 solution display a fully occupied ferroxidase center and iron bound to the internal, Fe(in), and external, Fe(out), surfaces of Pa BfrB. The conformation of His130 in this structure is rotated toward the ferroxidase center and coordinates an iron ion. The structures also revealed a pore on the surface of Pa BfrB that likely serves as an entry port for Fe2+ to the ferroxidase center. On its opposite end the pore is capped by the side chain of His130 when it adopts its “gate closed” conformation that enables coordination to a ferroxidase iron. A change to its “gate-open”, non-coordinative conformation, creates a path for the translocation of iron from the ferroxidase center to the interior cavity. These structural observations, together with findings obtained from iron incorporation measurements in solution suggest that the ferroxidase pore is the dominant entry route for the uptake of iron by Pa BfrB. These findings, which are clearly distinct from those made with E. coli Bfr (Crow, A. C., Lawson, T. L., Lewin, A., Moore, G. R., and Le Brun, N. E. (2009) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 6808–6813) indicate that not all bacterioferritins operate in the same manner

House Calls by Mobile Integrated Health Paramedics for Patients with Heart Failure: A Feasibility Study.

Background: Early readmissions following hospital discharge for heart failure (HF) remain a major concern. Among the various strategies designed to reduce readmissions, home evaluations have been observed to have a favorable impact. We assessed the feasibility of integrating community paramedics into the outpatient management of HF patients. Methods: Selected paramedics completed an educational HF curriculum. These Mobile Integrated Health Paramedics (MIHP) performed scheduled home visits 2- and 15-days post-discharge for patients with Stage C HF (Phase I) and patients with Stage D HF (Phase II). Facilitated by a Call Center, a process was created for performing urgent MIHP house calls within 60 minutes of a medical provider’s request. A HF specialist, with an on-call emergency department command physician, could order an intravenous diuretic during home visits. During each phase of the study the incidence of 30-day HF readmissions, 30-day all-cause readmissions, emergency room evaluations, unplanned office encounters, as well as any adverse events were prospectively documented. Results: Collaborative relationships between our hospital network and local EMS organizations were created. There were 82 MIHP home visits. Eight patients received urgent home evaluations within 60 minutes post-request, 1 requiring transport to an ED. The incidence of all-cause 30-day readmissions in 20 Stage C and 20 Stage D patients was 15% and 40%, respectively. There were no adverse events attributable to the MIHP house calls. Conclusions: It is feasible to integrate MIHPs into the outpatient management of HF. Signals of effectiveness for reducing early readmissions were observed. Obstacles to creating an effective paramedic “House Calls” program were identified. A randomized trial is required to assess the value of this care process and its impact on early readmissions in patients with Stage C and Stage D HF

Characteristics of the beginning of the 2019 eruptive crisis at Ubinas volcano (Peru)

Ubinas volcano has produced moderate explosive eruptions during the last ~500 years. With 26 eruptive periods, this composite cone is the most active volcano in Peru. The 2006–2009 and 2013–2017 eruptions impacted people, agriculture, and livestock within 15 km of the vent. On 24 June 2019 a new eruptive cycle started with minor emissions of tephra and aerosols. Activity increased on July 19 with an explosion beginning at 2:30 AM (local time). At that time, seismicity also increased with a predominance of LP-type signals. Two clearly differentiated and wind-controlled volcanic plumes were observed. Initially, the plume reached 6500 m above the summit and the main dispersion axis was ESE, dispersing ash as far as 300 km away to the villages of Jesús de Machaca and Catacora, Bolivia, where ash fall disrupted people’s daily activities. While the first plume was still active, a 1200-m-high secondary plume developed and was dispersed to the SE, reaching more than 200 km away into the Tacna region (Peru). After July 19, the SO2 emission rate increased reaching 9600 TN/day on July 23. The tephra fall on July 19 and gas emissions forced Civil Defense authorities to subsequently evacuate residents living in the valleys around Ubinas within 15 km of the volcano. Just after the tephra fall on July 19, deposit thickness was measured along the secondary dispersion axis, where the nearest populated and most impacted areas are located. The accumulation of lapilli and ash during the July 19 eruption reached 7 mm in the village of Ubinas, 5 mm in Tonohaya, 4 mm in San Miguel, 3 mm in Escacha and Huatagua, 2 mm in Huarina and 1 mm in Matalaque, ~20 km away. Fine ash accumulation was also reported at the Quellaveco mine, 90 km to the SE. Samples collected at 3.2 and 6 km from the vent allowed three types of juvenile clasts to be differentiated; dark- and light-gray scoria and dense, dark-gray lithics. Some juvenile clasts have bands of dark and light material, suggesting a partial mixing (mingling) of compositionally different magmas, which might have triggered the eruption. Based on the variety of juvenile clasts and unprecedented SO2 emission rates compared to the two past eruptive periods, we expect stronger eruptive activity or at least a long-lasting eruptive cycle

The late Pleistocene Sacarosa tephra-fall deposit, Misti Volcano, Arequipa, Peru: its magma, eruption, and implications for past and future activity

Entre 38.5 ka cal BP y 32.4 ka cal BP el volcán Misti generó una erupción dacítica con Indice de Explosividad Volcánica 5 que emplazo el depósito de caída de tefra “Sacarosa”. La presencia de fenocristales de biotita, el tamaño fino de sus granos, escasos líticos y la abundancia de cristales libres caracterizan el depósito en los lugares muestreados. El magma tuvo una temperatura de ~ 800 °C, el cual ascendió rápidamente de ~ 10 km de profundidad y resultó en una erupción Pliniana que tuvo una tasa de descarga de masa de 7.7 × 106– 4.1 × 107 kg/s, y deposito alrededor de 3 km3 de tefra dentro de decenas de horas. El depósito tiene dos capas con espesores casi similares, separados por un contacto difuso y con una capa superior que se caracteriza por contener granos un poco más gruesos y ser un poco menos sorteado que la capa inferior. La capa superior gruesa indica condiciones culminantes o un menor grado de fragmentación durante la última mitad de la erupción. Fuertes vientos distribuyeron el depósito al suroeste del Misti cubriendo al menos 800 km2, incluyendo la actual ciudad de Arequipa donde el depósito de tefra tiene hasta 100 cm de espesor. El depósito “Sacarosa” es el primero entre los depósitos de la etapa Cayma (un grupo distintivo de unidades félsicas que contienen biotita) que es descrito detalladamente y con su erupción caracterizada. Varios depósitos de la etapa Cayma fueron generados por erupciones explosivas voluminosas similares a la erupción “Sacarosa”, representando un intervalo de ~ 8.9–15.5 ky de poderosas erupciones. Una erupción tan explosiva hoy amenazaría a los más de 1,100,000 habitantes de Arequipa, muchos de ellos viven dentro del área de distribución del depósito “Sacarosa”

Phage-Mediated Acquisition of a Type III Secreted Effector Protein Boosts Growth of Salmonella by Nitrate Respiration

Information on how emerging pathogens can invade and persist and spread within host populations remains sparse. In the 1980s, a multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium clone lysogenized by a bacteriophage carrying the sopE virulence gene caused an epidemic among cattle and humans in Europe. Here we show that phage-mediated horizontal transfer of the sopE gene enhances the production of host-derived nitrate, an energetically highly valuable electron acceptor, in a mouse colitis model. In turn, nitrate fuels a bloom of S. Typhimurium in the gut lumen through anaerobic nitrate respiration while suppressing genes for the utilization of energetically inferior electron acceptors such as tetrathionate. Through this mechanism, horizontal transfer of sopE can enhance the fitness of S. Typhimurium, resulting in its significantly increased abundance in the feces

Tefroestratigrafía post-glacial del volcán Ubinas, Perú

Históricamente, el Ubinas es el volcán más activo del Perú (Thouret et al., 2005). Ubinas es un estratovolcán localizado a ~65 km al Este de la ciudad de Arequipa. Sus periodos eruptivos más recientes, desde el año 2006, han consistido en una serie de erupciones explosivas vulcanianas y freatomagmáticas (IEV =2) que han producido caídas de ceniza y expulsado bombas balísticas, las cuales son de composición andesítica. En este trabajo exploramos el registro prehistórico eruptivo de Ubinas y documentamos los depósitos de caída de tefra sub-plinianas a plinianas sobre este intervalo. Estas unidades varían en composición desde riolita (el depósito pliniano más antiguo y más grande tiene <12 ka) hasta andesita pertenecientes a la serie calcoalcalina altamente potásica, siendo las andesitas los productos eruptivos más recientes

Characterisation of riverine dissolved organic matter using a complementary suite of chromatographic and mass spectrometric methods

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a fundamental role in nutrient cycling dynamics in riverine systems. Recent research has confirmed that the concentration of riverine DOM is not the only factor regulating its functional significance; the need to define the chemical composition of DOM is a priority. Past studies of riverine DOM rested on bulk quantification, however technological advancements have meant there has been a shift towards analytical methods which allow the characterisation of DOM either at compound class or more recently molecular level. However, it is important to consider that all analytical methods only consider a defined analytical window. Thus, herein, we explore the use of a hierarchy of methods which can be used in combination for the investigation of a wide range of DOM chemistries. By using these methods to investigate the DOM composition of a range of streams draining catchments of contrasting environmental character, a wide range of compounds were identified across a range of polarities and molecular weight, thereby extending the analytical window. Through the elucidation of the DOM character in stream samples, information can be collected about likely the sources of DOM. The identification of individual key compounds within the DOM pool is a key step in the design of robust and informative bioassay experiments, used to understand in-stream ecosystem responses. This is critical if we are to assess the role of DOM as a bioavailable nutrient resource and/or ecotoxicological factor in freshwater