Um ensaio sobre os aspectos teóricos e metodológicos da economia da pobreza

The poverty, in welfare economics, is understood as a situation of privation of goods. In one hand, poverty can be understood in way entirely related with the income privation. This approach has the advantage to allow an easy mensuration, for the definition of poverty lines that indicate the minimum level of income so that the individuals can satisfy its basic necessities. However, the definition of these necessities always involves some degree of subjectivity, beyond that they can vary substantially between different societies. Thus, more recently a multidimensional boarding was developed to deal with the poverty. In this vision, welfare is associated with the acquisition of capacities, which mention a multidimensionality of related factors to well-being, so that the individuals reach its necessities. However, its mensuration involves the definition of complex indicators, over which there is no consensus in the literature. The present essay aims to identify the contributions, advantages and limitations of each one of these theoretical and methodological sources.poverty, welfare, capabilities

UM ENSAIO SOBRE OS PROGRAMAS DE PESQUISA LAKATOSIANOS E A METODOLOGIA DA ECONOMIA NEOCLÁSSICA: CONTRIBUIÇÕES E CRÍTICAS

The work of Imre Lakatos intended to present a refinement to popperian falsificationism approach that inspired him, by incorporating concepts developed by Thomas Kuhn, but without denying some of the classical hypothesis of falsificationism, as demarcationist rules and emphasis on investigation and on empirical tests. The author’s main ideas consists in the notion of a research program like a structure endowed with a hardcore of basic hypothesis about raised theories, and protected by a belt of auxiliary hypothesis and by positives and negatives heuristics that guide the scientific investigation process. Lakatos thought was discussed in methodology of economics because it appeared to explain the main work, theoretical and empirical, of this profession. However, despite an initial enthusiasm, the application of lakatosian research programs in economics was criticized as of the eighties. Some of these critics addressed directly to Lakatos; some addressed to falsificationist thought; and some critics attacked the demarcationist rules of scientific methodology. The present paper intends to do a bibliographical revision about the main ideas outstanding in this discussion.A obra de Imre Lakatos procurou proporcionar um refinamento à abordagem falsificacionista popperiana, que o inspirou, mediante a incorporação de conceitos desenvolvidos por Thomas Kuhn, mas sem negar algumas das hipóteses clássicas do falsificacionismo, como os critérios demarcacionistas e a ênfase na investigação e nos testes empíricos. As principais ideias do autor consistem na noção de programa de pesquisa como uma estrutura dotada de um núcleo irredutível de hipóteses básicas das teorias levantadas, protegido por um cinturão protetor de hipóteses auxiliares e por heurísticas positivas e negativas que guiam o processo de investigação científica. O pensamento de Lakatos foi discutido na metodologia da economia por parecer defender boa parte do trabalho teórico e empírico dessa profissão. Contudo, apesar de um entusiasmo inicial, a aplicação dos programas de pesquisa lakatosianos na ciência econômica passaram a ser criticados pela bibliografia em geral a partir dos anos 1980. Parte dessas críticas dirigiu-se diretamente a Lakatos; outra se dirigiu ao pensamento falsificacionista; e outras atacaram os próprios critérios demarcacionistas da metodologia científica. O presente estudo busca realizar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os principais pontos destacados nesse debate

The present and the future of Development Financial Institutions: a learning dialogue

Conferência realizada nos dias 28 e 29 de julho de 201

Head/tail breaks: uma proposta metodológica para a classificação de dados regionalizados dos fluxos do cartão BNDES

Bibliografia: p. 33-34O presente artigo objetiva colaborar para a melhor compreensão quanto à regionalidade da atuação do BNDES. Mais especificamente, a contribuição do presente trabalho é o desenho de uma metodologia que cumpra dois objetivos. Em primeiro lugar, dentro do universo de informações do Cartão BNDES, segregar um subgrupo de informações relevantes. Em segundo lugar, revelar a hierarquia presente nos dados. Para isso, foi aplicada a metodologia head/tail breaks, desenvolvida por Jiang (2013), capaz de classificar dados para georreferenciamento levando em consideração sua assimetria.This article was prepared in order to be a step toward a better understanding of the regionality of BNDES operations. More specifically, the contribution of this work is the design of a methodology that fulfills two objectives. First, within the universe of BNDES Card information, segregate a subset of relevant information. Second, reveal the hierarchy present in the data. For this, it applied the head/tail breaks methodology developed by Jiang (2013), able to sort data for georeferencing considering its asymmetry

Ciclos econômicos e a composição da pobreza no Brasil: uma análise para as décadas recentes

This work assesses the impact of macroeconomic cycles on poverty composition in the Brazilian economy (1987 – 2005). Specifically, it intends to find answers to three questions: first, who are the demographic groups that are most harmed in the recessive cycles; second, if economic growth in itself sufficient to benefit the groups most associated with poverty; third, which are the macroeconomic policies most associated with poverty and with its alleviation. The study used an interaction of micro data form PNAD with macroeconomic data from sources such as IPEA-DATA, Brazilian Central Bank and Secretariat of the Federal Revenue of Brazil. Using logistical regressions with pooled micro-data banks, the work found two main results. First, recession and economic downturns, are more harmful to people with less schooling. Second, tax policy significantly affects poverty: firstly the primary surplus is associated with lower levels of well-being of the population and, on the other hand, the welfare expenditure of the Union may be used to alleviate poverty during the critical stages of the cycles.Macroeconomic Cycles, Welfare Economics, Pooled Cross-Section Models, Poverty alleviation, Brazil.

A macroeconomia do bem-estar social: relações e controvérsias

According to recent studies, shocks on aggregated variables are associated with unequal impacts on the economic system, affecting more some agents and sectors than others according, depending on their characteristics. Theoretically, the mechanisms that differentiate shocks’ effects on economic agents are the variations in relative prices of inputs and output, the variation of labor demand, the workers characteristics and the design of economic policies. The purpose of this article is, through a both theoretical and empirical literature review of the relationship between macroeconomic performance and social welfare, to find answers to three questions. First, which are the agents that most suffer the effects of economic recessions? Second, which are the agents that benefit the most from economic growth? Third, which are the policy alternatives related to macroeconomic management of social welfare?welfare, macroeconomic policy, business cycles, social development.

Sistemas nacionais de fomento: experiências comparadas

Bibliografia: p. 99-104.1º lugar do Prêmio ABDE-BID Categoria I - Financiando o desenvolvimento

National systems of development: comparative experiences

Trabalho vencedor do Prêmio ABDE-BID de Artigos sobre o Sistema Nacional de Fomento – edição 2015.Bibliografia: p. 251-256Apresentam-se os sistemas nacionais de fomento (SNF) de dez países (China, Alemanha, Brasil, Japão, Itália, França, México, Índia, Espanha e Coreia do Sul), comparando-os e demonstrando sua importância para o desenvolvimento. É realizada uma análise histórica dos SNFs da Coreia do Sul e da França, que têm sido funcionais ao longo do tempo, se adaptando aos novos desafios do desenvolvimento. Compostos, na maioria, por instituições financeiras de desenvolvimento (IFD) públicas, os SNFs são dinâmicos para fazer frente às novas estratégias de desenvolvimento, explorar novos segmentos e desenvolver novos instrumentos financeiros. Nota-se que os países procuram ter um SNF completo, atuando em segmentos tradicionalmente carentes de financiamento de longo prazo e de outros instrumentos financeiros adequados, entre os quais, a agricultura, a infraestrutura, as exportações, as MPMEs, a economia verde, a inovação e a habitação.The national system of development from ten countries are presented (China, Germany, Brazil, Japan, Italy, France, Mexico, India, Spain, and South Korea), comparing them and demonstrating their importance to development. A historical analysis of national system of development from South Korea and France has been conducted, which have been functional over time, adapting themselves to the new challenges of development. Composed mostly of public financial institutions for development (IFD), the national system of development are dynamic to cope with the new development strategies, explore new segments and develop new financial instruments. It is noteworthy that countries seek to have a complete SNF, acting in segments traditionally in need of long-term financing and of other appropriate financial instruments, including agriculture, infrastructure, exports, the MSME, green economy, innovation, and housing