18 research outputs found

    No advantage for remembering horizontal over vertical spatial locations learned from a single viewpoint

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    Previous behavioral and neurophysiological research has shown better memory for horizontal than for vertical locations. In these studies, participants navigated toward these locations. In the present study we investigated whether the orientation of the spatial plane per se was responsible for this difference. We thus had participants learn locations visually from a single perspective and retrieve them from multiple viewpoints. In three experiments, participants studied colored tags on a horizontally or vertically oriented board within a virtual room and recalled these locations with different layout orientations (Exp. 1) or from different room-based perspectives (Exps. 2 and 3). All experiments revealed evidence for equal recall performance in horizontal and vertical memory. In addition, the patterns for recall from different test orientations were rather similar. Consequently, our results suggest that memory is qualitatively similar for both vertical and horizontal two-dimensional locations, given that these locations are learned from a single viewpoint. Thus, prior differences in spatial memory may have originated from the structure of the space or the fact that participants navigated through it. Additionally, the strong performance advantages for perspective shifts (Exps. 2 and 3) relative to layout rotations (Exp. 1) suggest that configurational judgments are not only based on memory of the relations between target objects, but also encompass the relations between target objects and the surrounding room—for example, in the form of a memorized view

    KinÀsthetik als grundlegende kognitive ModalitÀt

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    Erhöhen oder vermindern Strassen die Genauigkeit des OrtsgedÀchtnisses?

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    Eine fĂŒr die menschliche rĂ€umliche Navigation zentrale, bislang theoretisch aber wenig spezifizierteKlasse von der Orientierung dienlichen Gegebenheiten sind ausgedehnte rĂ€umliche Formationen, diedas Fortkommen erleichtern (Straßen, KanĂ€le, TĂ€ler) oder erschweren bzw. verunmöglichen (ZĂ€une,AbhĂ€nge usw.). Diese Art von Orientierungsmerkmalen unterscheidet sich von lokalen (z.B. HĂ€user)und globalen (z.B. entfernte Berggipfel) Orientierungsmarken dadurch, dass durch sie kein Platz undauch keine globale Richtung definiert wird, sondern der Routenverlauf zwischen PlĂ€tzen beeinflusstwird. Es gibt bereits eine Reihe von Befunden zum Einfluss verschiedener Merkmale von Strassen aufdas resultierende rĂ€umliche Wissen. Im aktuellen Experiment soll jedoch die VerfĂŒgbarkeit von Stra-ßen selbst variiert werden: ein Teil der Landmarken der VR-Umgebung ist mit Straßen verbunden, einanderer nicht – die Vpn mĂŒssen sich ihren Weg selbst suchen. Erwartet wird, dass das Vorhandenseinvon Straßen zu einer schnelleren Lernkurve, aber zu ungenauerem rĂ€umlichen Wissen der absolutenLage der Orte fĂŒhrt

    Kognitive KinÀsthetik: Die modale Grundlage der amodalen Raumkognition

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    KinĂ€sthetik, die hauptsĂ€chlich auf Muskelrezeptoren beruhende SinnesmodalitĂ€t zum SpĂŒren unserer Körperhaltung, Körperbewegung und körperlichen Anstrengung, ist bislang in kognitiven Theorien kaum beachtet worden. Dabei handelt es sich um eine sehr bedeutsame Sinnesart: in der körperlichen Interaktion mit der Umwelt können wir viele physikalische Eigenschaften von Objekten wie ihr Gewicht, ihre Beweglichkeit, SchwergĂ€ngigkeit, ihren rĂ€umlichen Ort u.a.m. spĂŒren. In dem Buch wird, ausgehend von den neurophysiologischen Grundlagen, eine allgemeine Theorie der kinĂ€sthetischen Wahrnehmungsleistung und WissensreprĂ€sentation entwickelt. Dabei wird gezeigt, daß die kinĂ€sthetische ModalitĂ€t unser Wahrnehmungsfenster in die mechanische physikalische Beschaffenheit unserer Welt (Raum, Zeit, Kraft und KausalitĂ€t) darstellt; und daß KinĂ€sthetik eine vollwertige kognitive Wissensart ist, der bewußte Wahrnehmungen und Vorstellungen sowie höhere kognitive Prozesse wie Prototypenbildung und Anteile an Objektkonzepten zugeordnet werden können. Das formal-numerisch definierte kinĂ€sthestische Wissensformat erlaubt die einheitliche ReprĂ€sentation von bislang als völlig divergent aufgefaßten Bereichen des menschlichen Wissens: einerseits des motorischen Wissens, andererseits des "abstrakt-propositionalen" Wissens um rĂ€umliche, zeitliche und kausale BezĂŒge zwischen Sachverhalten. Dies wird vertieft am Beispiel der Raumkognition gezeigt: anhand von neurophysiologischen, experimentellen und theoretischen Befunden wird belegt, daß menschliches rĂ€umliches Wissen stets kinĂ€sthetisch reprĂ€sentiert ist. Der bislang in der kognitiven Psychologie favorisierte "amodale" Raumcode ist nach EinfĂŒhrung der kinĂ€sthetischen WissensreprĂ€sentation schlicht ĂŒberflĂŒssig

    Psychologically Relevant Features of Color Patterns

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    Besides color and shape, texture is one of the basic dimensions of images. While there has been some research on the psychological dimensions of gray textured patterns, up to now, there has been reported only one study on the categories of human similarity ratings of color patterns (Mojsilovic et al., 2000, IEEE Transactions on image processing). To test the reliability of the reported relevant pattern features, we repeated the study with new stimuli (20 colored patterns, which were chosen in a pre-test from a large database of patterns). These were presented on a large computer display (24") in 40 rounds with one target pattern and 10 other test patterns at a time. The participants had to indicate the perceived similarity of the test patterns by placing them in an accordant horizontal distance to the target pattern. The distance was encoded as dissimilarity measurement on a scale from 1 (very similar) to 100 (totally dierent). Using multidimensional scaling techniques, four independent dimensions could be extracted from the participants' ratings: 1. Directionality. This dimension differentiates between the patterns with continuous lines and the patterns with closed and rounded lines. 2. Color purity. This dimension dierentiates between the black-and-white and pale patterns and the patterns with saturated and vivid colors. 3. Color tone. In the overall-solution, this dimension differentiates between patterns containing red and the other patterns. Additional single-case-analyses indicated that \red" as a distinctive feature of pattern similarity was a \majority decision"; at least some participants favored \green" as being distinctive against all other colors. 4. Regularity, Orientation and Complexity. Basically, the structural blueprints of the patterns in this dimension change from being symmetrical and orthogonal on one side over being diagonally oriented and of disturbed symmetry to complete asymmetry on the other side. The four dimensions account for 54% of the overall variance of the participants' ratings. Several psychologically relevant features from the foregoing study could be replicated (directionality, regularity, orientation, complexity and color purity), indicating their general importance in pattern similarity judgments. Two other dimensions did not play a role in our outcomes (\pattern heaviness" and chromaticity), and our dimension \color tone" did not show up in the earlier study. Seemingly, the saliency of these features depends more on the stimulus material than the foregoing

    Kognitive KinĂ€sthetik: eine einheitliche ReprĂ€sentationsgrundlage fĂŒr wahrgenommene, vorgestellte und ausgefĂŒhrte Körperbewegungen

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    Beispielhaft wird in diesem Beitrag zunÀchst die Funktion kinÀsthetischer Wahrnehmung im Alltag verdeutlicht und die Bedeutung kinÀsthetischer Vorstellungen und kinÀsthetischen Wissens erklÀrt. Darauf aufbauend stellt Verf. die Beziehung des kinÀsthetischen Wissens zum motorischen Wissen her und diskutiert, ob, entgegen traditioneller Auffassungen der Motorik, die beiden zugrundeliegende WissenreprÀsentationsform identisch sein könnte

    Geographical slant facilitates navigation and orientation in virtual environments

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    Theoretical considerations and earlier experimental findings indicate that traveling over slanted terrain can lead to an enrichment of the perceived spatial cues relevant for navigation. We investigated the proposed facilitation of a uniformly slanted environment on navigation and orientation performance with a virtual environment presented on a large 180° screen, using as material a virtual town with eight places and twenty-four landmarks. In the control condition, this town was placed on a flat surface; in the two experimental conditions, the town was placed on a slope with a uniform angle of 4°. Pedaling on a bicycle simulator, participants first explored the environment, then solved navigation tasks, pointed from various positions to distant landmarks, judged the relative elevation of pairs of distant landmarks from memory, and finally drew a sketch map of the environment. In comparison to the control condition, the number of navigation errors was significantly lower in the slanted conditions, and the deviations in the pointings to distant landmarks were massively reduced. Participants from the slant conditions also showed good knowledge of the relative elevations of pairs of distant locations. However, no differences in map-drawing quality were found. The results lend additional support to the proposition that our spatial knowledge, which is used in navigation and orientation, contains vertical information
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