Childcare and children's healthcare: historical factors and challenges

This paper reviews the history of puericulture and attention to children's health in Brazil and establishes relationships between this history and the concept of childhood at different times and within different sociocultural contexts, and between this history and the way in which the Brazilian healthcare system has been organized. The characteristics of the Brazilian educational process, the state's role in healthcare, the creation of the national health system and the creation of the children's and adolescent's laws are highlighted as determinants of healthcare that consider children and their families as subjects under the law. These important achievements within Brazilian society have stimulated changes in clinical practice and, especially, in childcare. Today, the state no longer has a controlling role over families' childcare through regulation of individuals' conduct. Rather, childcare is undertaken scientifically, through a multiprofessional team in partnership with families and communities.This paper reviews the history of puericulture and attention to children’s health in Brazil and establishes relationships between this history and the concept of childhood at different times and within different sociocultural contexts, and between this history and the way in which the Brazilian healthcare system has been organized. The characteristics of the Brazilian educational process, the state’s role in healthcare, the creation of the national health system and the creation of the children’s and adolescent’s laws are highlighted as determinants of healthcare that consider children and their families as subjects under the law. These important achievements within Brazilian society have stimulated changes in clinical practice and, especially, in childcare. Today, the state no longer has a controlling role over families’ childcare through regulation of individuals’ conduct. Rather, child care is undertaken scientifically, through a multiprofessional team in partnership with families and communities

Puericultura e a atenção à saúde da criança: aspectos históricos e desafios

O artigo faz uma revisão sobre a história da puericultura e da atenção à saúde da criança no Brasil, estabelecendo relações dessa história com a concepção de infância em diferentes momentos e contextos sócio-culturais, bem como com a organização do sistema de saúde no país. Destacam-se características do processo de formação do povo brasileiro, o papel do Estado na saúde, a criação do Sistema Único de Saúde e o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente como fatores determinantes de uma atenção à saúde que considera a criança e sua família como sujeitos de direito. Essas importantes conquistas de nossa sociedade tem impulsionado mudanças na prática clínica e na puericultura, em especial. A puericultura, hoje, deixa de cumprir um papel controlador do Estado sobre as famílias e normalizador das condutas das pessoas, firmando-se com caráter científico, desenvolvida por uma equipe multiprofissional, em parceria com as famílias e comunidades

FAS and FAS-L Genotype and Expression in Patients With Recurrent Pregnancy Loss

We assessed FAS and FAS-L gene polymorphisms and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in patients with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). This case-control study compared 129 women with RPL with 235 healthy multiparous women (control group). Genomic DNA and total mRNA were extracted from whole blood, and polymorphisms genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Messenger RNA expression levels were analyzed by real-time PCR. Data were analyzed by chi-square and Fisher exact tests; P < .05 was considered significant. There were no significant differences in the FAS (670 A/G) genotype or allelic frequencies between the RPL and control groups. We found significant differences in the FAS-L (844 C/T) genotype and allelic frequencies between women with RPL and controls. Patients with RPL had significantly higher FAS-L expression. Our data suggest that FAS-L gene polymorphism is associated with increased susceptibility to RPL. Moreover, women with RPL seem to abnormally express FAS-FAS-L molecules.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Obstet, BR-04037001 São Paulo, BrazilUniversidade Federal de São Paulo, Dept Obstet, BR-04037001 São Paulo, BrazilFAPESP: 09/50236-5CNPq: 301886/2009-1Web of Scienc