Expanding the role of impurity spectroscopy for investigating the physics of high-Z dissipative divertors

New techniques that attempt to more fully exploit spectroscopic diagnostics in the divertor and pedestal region during highly dissipative scenarios are demonstrated using experimental results from recent low-Z seeding experiments on Alcator C-Mod, JET and ASDEX Upgrade. To exhaust power at high parallel heat flux, q ‖ > 1 GW/m 2 , while minimizing erosion, reactors with solid, high-Z plasma facing components (PFCs) are expected to use extrinsic impurity seeding. Due to transport and atomic physics processes which impact impurity ionization balance, so-called ‘non-coronal’ effects, we do not accurately know and have yet to demonstrate the maximum q ‖ which can be mitigated in a tokamak. Radiation enhancement for nitrogen is shown to arise primarily from changes in Li- and Be-like charge states on open field lines, but also through transport-driven enhancement of H- and He-like charge states in the pedestal region. Measurements are presented from nitrogen seeded H-mode and L-mode plasmas where emission from N 1+ through N 6+ are observed. Active charge exchange spectroscopy of partially ionized low-Z impuri- ties in the plasma edge is explored to measure N 5+ and N 6+ within the confined plasma, while passive UV and visible spectroscopy is used to measure N 1+ -N 4+ in the boundary. Examples from recent JET and Alcator C-Mod experiments which employ nitrogen seeding highlight how improving spectroscopic cov- erage can be used to gain empirical insight and provide more data to validate boundary simulations.EURATOM 63305

Development of a compact bolometer camera concept for investigation of radiation asymmetries at Wendelstein 7-X

Power exhaust is one of the central challenges in magnetically confined fusion plasmas. Radiative detachment can be employed to reduce particle and heat fluxes to the divertor target, mitigating divertor damage and erosion. However, accomplishing this for a non-axisymmetric machine such as Wendelstein 7-X is a non-trivial task because of the complex role of transport and plasma-wall interaction in a threedimensional magnetic field topology. We introduce a new bolometer camera design that can be easily installed in multiple toroidal locations and adapted to the required geometry, providing additional spatial coverage. This can be used to locally enhance tomographic capabilities or to resolve spatial variations of the plasma emissivity. By including these non-uniformities in the total radiated power estimate, global power balance measurements can be improved. We model each bolometer camera using ray tracing. We then analyze the forward-modeled detector response to several physically motivated synthetic emission phantoms with respect to its capability to quantify the local average emissivity. The results prove this concept as a promising asset for the investigation of poloidal and toroidal radiated power asymmetries in Wendelstein 7-X. The first CBC prototypes have undergone development and installation for the next experimental campaign

Suppression of anomalous impurity transport in NBI-heated W7-X plasmas

Radial impurity density profiles in two Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X) experiments heated by neutral beam injection (NBI) are analyzed with respect to their impurity transport properties. Local impurity densities are derived from charge exchange reactions with the W7-X NBI system using simulated neutral densities cross-validated with beam emission spectroscopy. Impurity profiles of argon and carbon are found to show an evolving central accumulation inside half radius. The properties of the underlying impurity transport are assessed using the one-dimensional transport code pySTRAHL. Comparisons between simulation and experiment indicate transport dominated by anomalous diffusion outside half radius. The observed central impurity accumulation is found to match best simulations with purely (neo-)classical transport in the accumulation region. This data implies a suppression of the anomalous impurity transport channel to below 35% of the (neo-)classical one. Experimental data is found to be matched best when invoking a time evolving, inward propagating zone where anomalous impurity transport is suppressed. An additional central power deposition into a plasma with central impurity accumulation via electron cyclotron resonance heating is found to affect the (neo-)classical transport components in case of operation times below 200 ms only. For longer operation times, it is found to re-introduce an altered level of anomalous diffusion. The existence of an inward directed anomalous pinch as an alternative explanation for the central impurity accumulation cannot explain the observed profiles

Scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence, and Raman spectroscopy of experimentally shock metamorphosed quartzite

We studied unshocked and experimentally (at 12, 25, and 28 GPa, with 25, 100, 450, and 750°C pre-shock temperatures) shock-metamorphosed Hospital Hill quartzite from South Africa using cathodoluminescence (CL) images and spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy to document systematic pressure or temperature-related effects that could be used in shock barometry. In general, CL images of all samples show CL-bright luminescent patchy areas and bands in otherwise non-luminescent quartz, as well as CL-dark irregular fractures. Fluid inclusions appear dominant in CL images of the 25 GPa sample shocked at 750°C and of the 28 GPa sample shocked at 450°C. Only the optical image of our 28 GPa sample shocked at 25°C exhibits distinct planar deformation features (PDFs). Cathodoluminescence spectra of unshocked and experimentally shocked samples show broad bands in the near-ultraviolet range and the visible light range at all shock stages, indicating the presence of defect centers on, e.g., SiO4 groups. No systematic change in the appearance of the CL images was obvious, but the CL spectra do show changes between the shock stages. The Raman spectra are characteristic for quartz in the unshocked and 12 GPa samples. In the 25 and 28 GPa samples, broad bands indicate the presence of glassy SiO2, while high-pressure polymorphs are not detected. Apparently,some of the CL and Raman spectral properties can be used in shock barometry

2D core ion temperature and impurity density measurements with Coherence Imaging Charge Exchange Recombination Spectroscopy (CICERS) at Wendelstein 7-X (invited)

Coherence Imaging Charge Exchange Recombination Spectroscopy (CICERS) is an imaging diagnostic installed in Wendelstein 7-X from which 2D maps of ion temperature (Ti) and impurity density (nZ) are obtained. The improved spatial resolution and coverage, as compared to standard Charge eXchange Recombination Spectroscopy (CXRS), with which these parameters can be assessed, come at the expense of spectral resolution, requiring the development of new strategies to isolate the active charge exchange contribution from passive and Bremsstrahlung radiation. In this work, a new approach based on the modeling of background radiation is presented and applied to the derivation of 2D Ti maps. These are compared to the Ti profiles derived from standard CXRS, which found excellent agreement up to the edge (ρ > 0.8). The CICERS view is implemented in the pyFIDAsim code, which is used to provide further insight into the spatial localization of the radiation as measured by the diagnostic. Moreover, an absolute intensity calibration is carried out, and, coupled with pyFIDAsim, the first 2D nC maps are obtained and validated against CXRS data