Frequency Map Studies for the ILC Damping Rings

Designing a lattice with sufficient dynamic aperture for theILCDamping Rings is very challenging as the lattice needs to provide asmall equilibrium emittance and at the same time a large aperture for theinjected beam (including a large momentum acceptance). In addition,outside constraints have forced layout changes in the damping ring. Someof the layout changes had an impact on thedynamic aperture. In order tobetter understand the changes indynamic aperture, frequency maps arestudied. Those studies can help in identifying the reason for the changeddynamic apertureand in finding a good location for the betatron tunes anddetermining an upper limit for the chromaticities. A summary of recentstudies and suggestions for improving the dynamic aperture bychoosing adifferent tune are presented

Study of the OCS6 Lattice Using Frequency Maps

Abstract Frequency maps are employed to study the baseline damping ring lattice. The study is aimed at understanding the reduced dynamic aperture in the lattice with four short straight sections compared to the one with eight short straight sections. Measures to increase the dynamic aperture based on results of this study are suggested

Democracy Is Democracy Is Democracy? Changes in Evaluations of International Institutions in Academic Textbooks, 1970-2010

This article examines what democracy means when it is used in academic textbook evaluations of international institutions and how the meaning of the term "democracy” in such evaluations has changed over time. An analysis of 71 textbooks on international institutions in the policy areas of international security, environmental, and human rights politics leads us to several answers. We observe slight changes in relation to three aspects. First, the range of democracy-relevant actors expands over time, most notably in relation to nonstate actors as important participants in (or even subjects of) international policymaking. Second, representational concerns become more relevant in justifying demands for greater participation in international institutions. Third, international organizations are increasingly discussed not only as subjects that enhance the transparency and accountability of the policies of their member states, but also as the objects of democratic demands for transparency and accountability themselve

Extratubular Polymerized Uromodulin Induces Leukocyte Recruitment and Inflammation In Vivo

Uromodulin (UMOD) is produced and secreted by tubular epithelial cells. Secreted UMOD polymerizes (pUMOD) in the tubular lumen, where it regulates salt transport and protects the kidney from bacteria and stone formation. Under various pathological conditions, pUMOD accumulates within the tubular lumen and reaches extratubular sites where it may interact with renal interstitial cells. Here, we investigated the potential of extratubular pUMOD to act as a damage associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule thereby creating local inflammation. We found that intrascrotal and intraperitoneal injection of pUMOD induced leukocyte recruitment in vivo and led to TNF-alpha secretion by F4/80 positive macrophages. Additionally, pUMOD directly affected vascular permeability and increased neutrophil extravasation independent of macrophage-released TNF-alpha. Interestingly, pUMOD displayed no chemotactic properties on neutrophils, did not directly activate beta 2 integrins and did not upregulate adhesion molecules on endothelial cells. In obstructed neonatal murine kidneys, we observed extratubular UMOD accumulation in the renal interstitium with tubular atrophy and leukocyte infiltrates. Finally, we found extratubular UMOD deposits associated with peritubular leukocyte infiltration in kidneys from patients with inflammatory kidney diseases. Taken together, we identified extratubular pUMOD as a strong inducer of leukocyte recruitment, underlining its critical role in mounting an inflammatory response in various kidneys pathologies

Dynamic Aperture and Tail Scans

The two different methods to measure the dynamic aperture which were used in 1996 (emittance increase, kick method) will be described. Results from both methods will be given. During most of the measurements with the emittance increase method tail scans were performed. They are helpful in understanding if the losses are due to physical or dynamic aperture. This will be shown by some examples. Some observations made during the measurements are mentioned. 1 DYNAMIC APERTURE During the 1996 run two methods of measuring the dynamic aperture were used in LEP. Before discussing both methods the units of dynamic aperture will be recalled together with an example to illustrate the conversion between the units: 1. The actual emittance " 1hour x corresponding to a lifetime of one hour, i.e. loosing particles with amplitudes of more than 5.5 #. For the 90/60 lattice at 86 GeV (corresponding to a natural emittance " x0 of 42 nm) this could be 200 nm (over-optimistic example). 2. The amplitud..

Injection and Extraction Lines for the ILC Damping Rings

The current design for the injection and extraction lines intoand out of the ILC Damping Rings is presented as well as the design for the abort line. Due to changes of the geometric boundary conditions by other subsystems of the ILC, a modular approach has been used to be able to respond to recurring layout changes whilereusing previously designed parts

Injection and Extraction Lines for the ILC Damping Rings

The current design for the injection and extraction lines intoand out of the ILC Damping Rings is presented as well as the design for the abort line. Due to changes of the geometric boundary conditions by other subsystems of the ILC, a modular approach has been used to be able to respond to recurring layout changes whilereusing previously designed parts

Study of the OCS6 Lattice Using Frequency Maps

Frequency maps are employed to study the baseline damping ring lattice. The study is aimed at understanding the reduced dynamic aperture in the lattice with four short straight sections compared to the one with eight short straight sections. Measures to increase the dynamic aperture based on results of this study are suggested

Aperture studies for the AP2 anti-proton Line at Fermilab

The AP2 beamline transports anti-protons from the production target to the Debuncher ring. For many years the observed aperture has been smaller than that estimated from linear, on-energy optics. We have investigated possible reasons for the aperture restriction and have identified several possible sources, including residual vertical dispersion from alignment errors and chromatic effects due to very large chromatic lattice functions. We discuss the possible sources, suggest some remedies, and propose specific studies, where needed, to evaluate suspected problems