Micromechanical investigation of the influence of defects in high cycle fatigue

This study aims to analyse the influence of geometrical defects (notches and holes) on the high cycle fatigue behaviour of an electrolytic copper based on finite element simulations of 2D polycrystalline aggregates. In order to investigate the role of each source of anisotropy on the mechanical response at the grain scale, three different material constitutive models are assigned successively to the grains: isotropic elasticity, cubic elasticity and crystal plasticity in addition to the cubic elasticity. The significant influence of the elastic anisotropy on the mechanical response of the grains is highlighted. When considering smooth microstructures, the crystal plasticity have has a slight effect in comparison with the cubic elasticity influence. However, in the case of notched microstructures, it has been shown that the influence of the plasticity is no more negligible. Finally, the predictions of three fatigue criteria are analysed. Their ability to predict the defect size effect on the fatigue strength is evaluated thanks to a comparison with experimental data from the literature

Judicial Independence and the Validity of Controverted Elections

This article examines whether the judges of the French Constitutional Court demonstrated partisanship when ruling on the validity of the elections to the lower house of the French Parliament between 1958 and 2005. It uses a new dataset on the decisions of the Constitutional Court which takes into account the characteristics of the controverted parliamentary elections. The rulings of the Constitutional Court are found to be biased against far-right candidates. However, the judges are also found to display some form of independence vis-à-vis the government since they do not favor candidates from the ruling party when they render their decisions.Judicial independence; Judicial politics; Judges; Parliamentary elections

Mixité à l’école, apports des recherches en éducation et pratiques pédagogiques

Dans une première partie, une courte discussion sur le contexte historique introduit une présentation de l’instauration de la mixité en France. Dans les deux parties suivantes, les limites des recherches actuelles sur l’éducation mixte et sur la ségrégation des sexes sont analysées. Dans les deux dernières parties de l’article, les auteurs proposent et analysent des réponses pédagogiques à l’aide de recherches sur l’éducation interculturelle.This article begins with a short discussion of the historic context which is used to introduce a presentation of the implementation of mixed education in France. In the following sections, the authors analyse the various limitations of current research on mixed education and on segregation of the sexes. Finally, the authors propose and analyse various pedagogical responses inspired from research on intercultural education.En la primera parte, una breve discusión sobre el contexto histórico proporciona una presentación de la instauración del sistema mixto en Francia. En las dos partes siguientes, los límites de las investigaciones actuales sobre la educación mixta y sobre la segregación de los sexos son analizados. En las dos últimas partes del artículo, los autores proponen y analizan algunas respuestas pedagógicas por medio de investigaciones sobre la educación intercultural

SVGMapping: an R package to map omic data sets onto pathways templates

SVGMapping: an R package to map omic data sets onto pathways template

A new QRA model for rail transportation of hazardous goods

International audienceThe aim of this paper is to show the INERIS research project funded by the French Ministry of Ecology and Sustainable Growth and by the French Ministry of Equipment, Transportation and Buildings. This project is related to the assessment of the risk induced by the transportation of hazardous goods by road, by rail and by the combined means of transportation. The main target of this project is to develop a "multi-modal" quantitative risk assessment model (QRAM)

Hamiltonian reduction using a convolutional auto-encoder coupled to an Hamiltonian neural network

The reduction of Hamiltonian systems aims to build smaller reduced models, valid over a certain range of time and parameters, in order to reduce computing time. By maintaining the Hamiltonian structure in the reduced model, certain long-term stability properties can be preserved. In this paper, we propose a non-linear reduction method for models coming from the spatial discretization of partial differential equations: it is based on convolutional auto-encoders and Hamiltonian neural networks. Their training is coupled in order to simultaneously learn the encoder-decoder operators and the reduced dynamics. Several test cases on non-linear wave dynamics show that the method has better reduction properties than standard linear Hamiltonian reduction methods.Comment: 29 pages, 15 figure

Campaign Resources and Electoral Success: Evidence from the 2002 French Parliamentary Elections

Abstract We examine the factors that improve the candidates' likelihood of winning an election by drawing on information from campaign resources used by candidates running in the 2002 French parliamentary election. The main effects we wish to analyze are the candidates' gender, political affiliation and possible incumbency. We find that the contributions the candidates received and their political affiliations determine their acceding to the second round of the elections. But surprisingly once they make it to the second round, the contributions cease to be relevant; then only the candidates' gender, incumbency and the actual spending rather than the contribution levels matter

Effect of defect size and shape on the high-cycle fatigue behavior

This study aims to examine the effects of both material microstructure and voids on the high-cycle fatigue behavior of metals. To deal with this matter, finite element analyses of polycrystalline aggregates are carried out, for different configurations of crystalline orientations, in order to estimate the mechanical state, at the grain scale, in the vicinity of a small elliptical hole. Fatigue criteria are then applied to estimate the average fatigue limit in fully reversed tension, for different defect sizes and ellipse aspect ratios.The constitutive models and the fatigue criteria are calibrated using experimental data obtained from specimens made of 316L austenitic steel. The estimations are then compared with the experimental trends