\u27Conformists\u27 and \u27Church Trimmers\u27: the Liturgical Legacy of Restoration Anglicanism

The attention paid to religion in recent accounts of Restoration England has had the refreshing result of adding complexity to the traditionally one-dimensional image of the established Church in this period. No longer is Anglicanism seen as synonymous with the reactionary creed of country gentlemen

Sean Shesgreen, Images of the Outcast: The Urban Poor in the Cries of London

Dr. Ramsbottom\u27s review of Images of the Outcast: The Urban Poor in the Cries of Londo

M.J. Daunton, ed., Charity, Welfare and Self-Interest in the English Past

Dr. Ramsbottom\u27s review of Charity, Welfare and Self-Interest in the English Pas

Tim Hitchcock and John Black, eds., Chelsea Settlement and Bastardy Examinations, 1733-1766

Dr. Ramsbottom\u27s review of Tim Hitchcock and John Black, eds., Chelsea Settlement and Bastardy Examinations, 1733-176

Review of Zunshine, Lisa, Bastards and Foundlings: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century England

Dr. Ramsbottom\u27s review of Bastards and Foundlings: Illegitimacy in Eighteenth-Century Englan

Lydia Murdoch, Imagined Orphans: Poor Families, Child Welfare, and Contested Citizenship in London

Dr. Ramsbottom\u27s review of Imagined Orphans: Poor Families, Child Welfare, and Contested Citizenship in Londo

Searching for Their Real Home: Dependent Black Children in Indianapolis, 1910-1940

Concerns about the future for young people, reflected in contemporary headlines, were equally prominent in Indianapolis a hundred years ago. Then, as now, children whose parents neglected or abandoned them posed a special problem. In the midst of rapid social change that seemed to threaten traditional family stability, a small corps of professionals and volunteers worked to provide a nurturing environment

Fogg, Laurence (c.1630–1718)

Dr. Ramsbottom\u27s contribution to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press 2004

Hall, George (bap. 1613, d. 1668)

Dr. Rambottom\u27s contribution to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press 2004

Non-thermal excitation and ionization in supernovae

We incorporate non-thermal excitation and ionization processes arising from non-thermal electrons that result from \gamma-ray energy deposition, into our radiative transfer code CMFGEN. The non-thermal electron distribution is obtained by solving the Spencer-Fano equation using the procedure of Kozma & Fransson (1992). We applied the non-thermal calculations to the blue supergiant explosion model whose early evolution was studied in Dessart & Hillier (2010). Non-thermal processes generally increase excitation and ionization and decrease the temperature of the ejecta. We confirm that non-thermal processes are crucial for modeling the nebular spectra. Both optical HI and HeI lines are significantly strengthened. While optical HeI lines are not easily discerned in observational spectra due to severe blending with other lines, HeI 2.058 \mu m provides an excellent opportunity to infer the influence of non-thermal processes. We also discuss the processes controlling the formation of the HeI lines during the nebular epoch. Most lines of other species are only slightly affected. We also show that the inclusion of FeI has substantial line-blanketing effects on the optical spectra. Our model spectra and synthetic light curves are compared to the observations of SN 1987A. The spectral evolution shows broad agreement with the observations, especially H\alpha. The uncertainties of the non-thermal solver are studied, and are expected to be small. With this new addition of non-thermal effects in CMFGEN, we now treat all known important processes controlling the radiative transfer of a supernova ejecta, whatever the type and the epoch.Comment: 18 pages, 22 figures, accepted to MNRA