The effects of amygdalin on the morphologic structure of mouse cerebellar cortex

زمینه و هدف: گزارشات ضد و نقیضی از مسمومیت و حتی مرگ به دنبال مصرف بیش از حد آمیگدالین به عنوان یک داروی ضد سرطان وجود دارد. در مطالعه حاضر اثرات آمیگدالین بر ساختار مورفولوژیک قشر مخچه موش سوری بررسی شد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه تجربی، 32 سر موش سفید کوچک آزمایشگاهی به صورت تصادفی به 4 گروه تقسیم شدند. در گروه شاهد، به موش ها سالین نرمال تزریق گردید در حالی که به 3 گروه دیگر، آمیگدالین با دوز 10، 25 و 50 میلی گرم به ازای هر کیلوگرم وزن بدن به مدت 30 روز به صورت درون صفاقی تزریق گردید. سه روز بعد از آخرین تزریق آمیگدالین، حیوانات بیهوش شدند و پس از تهیه لام های میکروسکوپی، تعداد و ارتفاع سلول های پورکنژ و ضخامت لایه های قشر مخچه در گروه ها تعیین شد. داده ها توسط نرم افزار آماری SPSS و با استفاده از آزمون های آماری آنالیز واریانس، کروسکال والیس و تست تعقیبی دان تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. یافته ها: اندازه سلول های پورکنژ، ضخامت لایه های گرانولر و مولکولار مخچه در هیچ یک از گروه ها اختلاف معنی‌داری را نشان نداد (05/0P>)، ولی تعداد سلول‌های پورکنژ فقط در گروه آمیگدالین 10 (34/0 ± 9) نسبت به گروه شاهد (34/0 ± 11) و گروه آمیگدالین 25 (44/0 ± 11) نسبت به گروه آمیگدالین 10 (34/0 ± 9) تفاوت معنی داری را نشان دادند (05/0>P). نتیجه گیری: نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد که تزریق آمیگدالین با غلظت mg/ml10 می تواند با کاهش تعداد سلول های پورکنژ باعث اثرات منفی در ساختار قشر مخچه موش سوری شود

The Effect of Vitrification on Mouse Oocyte Apoptosis by Cryotop Method

Background: Oocyte cryopreservation is one of the most important topics in the field of assisted reproductive technology to preserve women fertility, but relationship between cryopreservation and apoptosis is still a matter of debate. The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of vitrification on apoptosis in mouse oocytes by Cryotop method. Method: A total of 200 germinal vesicle (GV) and 200 metaphase II (MII) oocytes were obtained from ovaries and fallopian tubes of NMRI mice, respectively and divided into control and experimental groups. Oocytes in experimental group were vitrified by Cryotop using vitrification medium and were kept in liquid nitrogen for one month. The survival rate of oocytes was evaluated after 2 hour incubation time. Then, the oocyte apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL technique and compared with those in control group. The data was compared statistically using SPSS software and chi-square test. Results: The survival rates of vitrified GV (93%) and MII oocytes (88%) showed a significant decrease compared with the control group (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in survival rate of both vitrified oocyte groups. The incidence of apoptosis in vitrified and control GV oocytes showed no significant difference (13% vs. 7%), but the rate of apoptosis in vitrified MII oocytes increased significantly not only in comparison with MII control group (25% vs. 5%) but also with vitrified GV oocytes (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results indicate that vitrification increases apoptosis in mouse MII oocytes and apoptosis may play a role in MII oocyte injury after vitrification

Role of sperm apoptosis and oxidative stress in male infertility: A narrative review

Activation of caspase, externalization of phosphatidyl serine, change in the mitochondrial membrane potential, and DNA fragmentation are apoptosis markers found in human ejaculated spermatozoa. Also, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a vital role in the different types of male infertility. In this review, data sources including Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Science Direct were searched for publications with no particular time restriction to get a holistic and comprehensive view of the research. Apoptosis regulates the male germ cells, correct function and development from the early embryonic stages of gonadal differentiation to fertilization. In addition to maintaining a reasonable ratio between the Sertoli and germ cells, apoptosis is one of the well-known quality control mechanisms in the testis. Also, high ROS levels cause a heightened and dysregulated apoptotic response. Apoptosis is one of the well-known mechanisms of quality control in the testis. Nevertheless, increased apoptosis may have adverse effects on sperm production. Recent studies have shown that ROS and the consequent oxidative stress play a crucial role in apoptosis. This review aims to assimilate and summarize recent findings on the apoptosis in male reproduction and fertility. Also, this review discusses the update on the role of ROS in normal sperm function to guide future research in this area. Key words: Fertility, Spermatogonia, Apoptosis, Reproduction, DNA fragmentation, DNA integrity, ROS

The Effect of Start Triage Education on Knowledge and Practice of Emergency Medical Technicians in Disasters

Introduction: Pre-hospital triage is one of the most fundamental concepts in emergency management. Limited human resource changes triage to an inevitable solution in the management of disasters. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of education of simple triage and rapid treatment (START) in the knowledge and practice of Emergency Medical Service (EMS) employees of Eastern Azerbaijan. Methods: This is a pre-and post-intervention study conducted on two hundred and five (205) of employees of EMS sector, in the disaster and emergency management center of Eastern Azerbaijan Province, 2015. The utilized tool is a questionnaire of the knowledge and practice of individuals regarding START triage. The questionnaire was filled by the participants pre- and post-education; thereafter the data were analyzed using SPSS 13 software. Results: The total score of the participants increased from 22.02 (4.49) to 28.54 (3.47). Moreover, the score of sections related to knowledge of the triage was a necessity and the mean score of the section related to the practice increased from 11.47 (2.15) to 13.63 (1.38), and 10.73 (3.57) to 14.93 (2.78), respectively, which were statistically significant. Conclusion: In this study, it was found that holding the educational classes of pre-hospital triage before the disasters is effective in improving the knowledge and practice of employees such as EMS technicians and this resulted to decreased error in performing this process as well as reduced overload in hospitals

Functional differences of Toll-like receptor 4 in osteogenesis, adipogenesis and chondrogenesis in human bone marrow- derived mesenchymal stem cells

Multipotent human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are promising candidates for bone and cartilage regeneration. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is expressed by hMSCs and is a receptor for both exogenous and endogenous danger signals. TLRs have been shown to possess functional differences based on the species (human or mouse) they are isolated from therefore, the effects of knockdown of TLR4 were evaluated in humans during the differentiation of MSCs into bone, fat and chondrocyte cells in vitro. We investigated the expression profile of TLR4 during the differentiation of hMSCs into three different lineages on days 7, 14 and 21 and assessed the differentiation potential of the cells in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, as an exogenous agonist) and fibronectin fragment III-1c (FnIII-1c, as an endogenous agonist). TLR4 expression increased following the induction of hMSC differentiation into all three lineages. Alkaline phosphatase activity revealed that FnIII-1c accelerated calcium deposition on day 7, whereas LPS increased calcium deposition on day 14. Chondrogenesis increased in the presence of LPS; however, FnIII-1c acted as a reducer in the late stage. TLR4 silencing led to decreased osteogenesis and increased adipogenesis. Furthermore, Wnt5a expression was inversely related to chondrogenesis during the late stage of differentiation. We suggest that understanding the functionality of TLR4 (in the presence of pathogen or stress signal) during the differentiation of hMSCs into three lineages would be useful for MSC-based treatments

Determining a National Trauma Prognostic Scale (TPS) to Predict Preventable Trauma Death in Iran: the Research Protocol

Methods: A 7-phases methodology will be applied to conduct this study as following; 1- Identification of trauma severity parameters and scales predicting mortality from literature, 2- Developing a data collection tool for research data collection), 3- Data collection in selected clinical settings, 4- Statistical modeling, 5- Model adaptation with three levels of trauma care settings including pre-hospitals, general hospitals and trauma specialty hospitals, 6- Scale-up and extrapolation, and 7- comparison with international models and selection of Iranian national model. Results: The content validity of the tool was confirmed with a total scale-level content validity (S-CVI) = 0.93. The reliability of the final instrument was calculated using the Pearson correlation coefficient and the Spearman correlation was evaluated above 0.7 for all cases. Up to date April 2020, From the hospital of the study, 210 patients participated in the study. The mean and standard age deviation of patients was 35.18 ± 18.44 and 165 (78.57 %) of these patients were male. The most important cause of trauma in patients was a motorcycle accident (27.62 %). Keywords: Trauma, Modeling, Injury severity assessment, Mortality predictor, Trauma scal

Determining a National Trauma Prognostic Scale (TPS) to Predict Preventable Trauma Death in Iran: the Research Protocol

Methods: A 7-phases methodology will be applied to conduct this study as following; 1- Identification of trauma severity parameters and scales predicting mortality from literature, 2- Developing a data collection tool for research data collection), 3- Data collection in selected clinical settings, 4- Statistical modeling, 5- Model adaptation with three levels of trauma care settings including pre-hospitals, general hospitals and trauma specialty hospitals, 6- Scale-up and extrapolation, and 7- comparison with international models and selection of Iranian national model. Results: The content validity of the tool was confirmed with a total scale-level content validity (S-CVI) = 0.93. The reliability of the final instrument was calculated using the Pearson correlation coefficient and the Spearman correlation was evaluated above 0.7 for all cases. Up to date April 2020, From the hospital of the study, 210 patients participated in the study. The mean and standard age deviation of patients was 35.18 ± 18.44 and 165 (78.57 %) of these patients were male. The most important cause of trauma in patients was a motorcycle accident (27.62 %). Keywords: Trauma, Modeling, Injury severity assessment, Mortality predictor, Trauma scal

The Relationship Between IMP3 Expression in Colorectal Adenocarcinoma and Clinicopathologic Findings

Background: The IMP3 is an oncofetal protein, which has been recently proposed as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in many cancers, including colorectal adenocarcinoma. The overexpression of IMP3 seems to have a correlation with patient’s prognosis. Objectives: In this study, the relationship between IMP3 expression in colorectal adenocarcinoma and clinicopathologic findings was assessed. Patients and Methods: In this study 112 colorectal tumor paraffin blocks of Rasoul-e-Akram hospital were stained for IMP3 and slides were assessed for intensity and extent of positivity. The statistical relationships between marker expression and clinicopathologic findings (degree of differentiation, tumor size, depth of invasion and lymph nodes metastasis) were assessed. Data were analyzed by the SPSS 21 software and logistic regression and chi-square test, with p-values of less than 0.05 indicating statistical significance. Results: Immunoreactivity pattern of IMP3 was cytoplasmic in different clinicopathologic findings. Among different clinicopathologic findings, we found a statistical relationship between tumor differentiation and IMP3 (P = 0.047); so that, the poorly differentiated tumors were positive for this marker. No relationship was found between tumor size, depth of invasion or lymph node involvement and IMP3. Conclusions: IMP3 immunoreactivity was associated with poor differentiation of tumor yet not associated with tumor size depth of invasion or lymph node involvemen