Interference effects during burning in air for stationary n-heptane, ethyl alcohol, and methyl alcohol droplets

Experiments have been conducted for the determination of the evaporation constant and flame shapes of two and of five closely spaced droplets burning in air. Droplets of approximately the same and of different diameters were used at various distances between the droplet centers. The apparent flame shape, which was observed only for n-heptane droplets, changes very little during burning. The square of the droplet diameter decreases linearly with time for fixed spacing between droplet centers, at least within the experimental limits of accuracy. In general, the average evaporation constant for two droplets, K', must be assumed either to vary continuously during burning or else to be a function of average initial drop diameter, D^0. The change of K' with time corresponds to the second derivative in plots of the square of the diameter vs. time. These second derivatives are not defined in our work because of unavoidable scatter of the experimental data. Attempts at understanding the observed results by considering published theories for single droplets, as well as groupings obtained from dimensional analysis, have been unsuccessful. It appears that the diffusion model for the heterogeneous burning of single fuel droplets will require serious revision and extension before the burning of droplets arrays and sprays can be understood quantitatively. Furthermore, the effective value of K' for a spray probably depends not only on the fuel-oxidizer system but also on the injection pattern. For this reason additional studies had best be carried out under conditions corresponding to those existing in service models

The organisation of public elementary education in York 1870 - 1902

The period under review is divided into two halves, the dividing line being the year 1889, when the first York School Board was elected. Thus, the first part (1870 - 1888) is concerned purely with how Voluntary Schools provided elementary education in the city. It begins by showing how the provision of schools in 1870 was such that a School Board was not thought necessary, and how the Denominations increased the supply up to 1888. Much attention is given to the way in which these schools were financed, and to the difficulties which they met in raising sufficient funds. Chapter 3 deals with the problem of school attendance, describing in detail the measures taken by the School Attendance Committee, and the effect they had. The second part (1888 - 1902) opens by showing how a deficiency arose in accommodation, necessitating the formation of a School Board; the composition of that Board and subsequent ones is then summarised. In the next Chapter, details are given of how schools were provided, by both the School Board and Voluntary bodies, with some mention of alleged competition. Then follows a comparison of the way in which both types of school were financed, again underlining the difficulties of the Voluntary bodies and showing the advantage that lay with the School Board. Attention is then given to the continued activities of the School Attendance Committee, and the resulting success, to the gradual abolition of fees and to the raising of the school leaving age. The filial chapters deal more specifically with the activities of the School Board designed to widen the scope of education in York, including the introduction of scientific and practical subjects, evening schools, education of pupil-teachers and the beginning of recreational and educational visits. How some of these were affected by the Cockerton Judgment is also described. The dissertation concludes with an assessment of the work of the School Board and the Voluntary bodies, and notes the transfer of the whole system in 1903 to the new Education Committee

The Role of Antitrust Policy in the Development of Australian-New Zealand Free Trade

This paper examines some antitrust aspects of the Australia-New Zealand free trade accord. The first section will trace the development of trans-Tasman free trade. Efforts to liberalize trade between the two countries have a long history. The next part analyzes the role antitrust law played in the movement to free trade. The final two sections raise a number of outstanding issues and problems yet to be resolved by Australian and New Zealand policy makers

Peaceful Purposes and Other Relevant Provisions of the Revised Composite Negotiating Text: A Comparative Analysis of the Existing and the Proposed Military Regime for the High Seas

In view of the short term and the long term international instability which may be generated by the militarization of outer space, the polar zones, or the oceans, it is imperative that the prescriptions of international law affecting military utilization of such areas be thoroughly examined in order to determine if adequate and effective restrictions or limitations on such activities exist. This study will initiate and hopefully stimulate continuing interest in such an examination by scrutinizing the international legal prescriptions which affect various military uses of the high seas

Reconsidering the Social Work Education Continuum: Social Work Education at Community Colleges in the United States

The Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) will soon revise the social work education continuum by welcoming practice doctoral programs into membership, leaving community colleges as the only excluded level of higher education in social work. The three connected products in this banded dissertation use critical pedagogy and post-positivist perspectives to explore how and why social work education evolved independently at community colleges, one of the largest, most diverse, and most affordable educational systems in the United States. Product One employs qualitative historical research to identify the forces which led community colleges and CSWE down separate paths between 1950 and 1975, despite consideration of expansion to include associate degrees in social work. Archived records indicate that differing goals, distrust, identity issues, inattentiveness, and class differences inhibited any on-going relationship between the developing two-year college system and social work’s professional organizations. Product Two examines the claims of some community colleges that they teach social work. It reveals the existence of Associate in Social Work (ASW) programs at 57 colleges in 24 states and then compares them to accepted standards for social work education to examine whether their programs’ offerings could be recognized as social work education. One-third of ASW program directors completed surveys. Their responses indicate voluntary adherence to 41% of select CSWE standards for Baccalaureate Social Work (BSW) programs. This quantitative, empirical research documents likenesses between some ASW programs and widely-accepted methods of social work education. Product Three is a presentation delivered at a national conference, the Council for the Study of Community Colleges conference in April 2018, applying ideas from social work education history to the needs of community colleges generally. This presentation suggested that pathways for upward transfer depend on advocates for professional and technical education organizing their efforts, building relationships with powerful gatekeepers, publishing research, and addressing their schools’ actual and perceived weaknesses. This banded dissertation suggests the possibilities of social work education at community colleges in the United States, belying the long-held belief in a three-level continuum of social work education. ASW programs operate in nearly half the country, and though they could have become part of CSWE, they currently operate autonomously from professional social work organizations. Stakeholders now have the opportunity to evaluate ASW programs and establish mutually beneficial relationships, if they so choose

Convergence In State And Local Spending On Education: Are Lotteries Ear Marked For Education The Key?

Using Barro regression analysis, this paper finds evidence that per capita state spending on education converged from 1977 to 2006 across the U.S. states. Convergence was conditional on a state’s passage of a lottery for education during that time period. Despite evidence that the convergence of state education spending was conditional on the passage of an education lottery, the relative increase in education spending among many states that passed education lotteries was much greater than the revenue from the lotteries themselves. So, education lotteries seemed to be part of a larger bundle of policies in low spending states to increase education funding. Of all the functions of state and local government, education is both the largest and the most important. In 2006, state and local government direct expenditures were $2.12 trillion dollars. Direct expenditures on education were$728 billion, just over one-third of the total spending. No other single category of spending in state and local government finance rivals education in the number of dollars spent. There is clear competition among states over education funding. Legislatures and advocacy groups in states lagging behind their neighbors often will cite this fact as a reason to increase education spending. A popular choice among states recently has been to initiate a state lottery with the proceeds earmarked for education. From 1977 to 2006, sixteen states either started lotteries, which dedicated net proceeds exclusively for education, or redefined their existing lottery to earmark net proceeds to education. In every case, the lottery was hailed as a resounding success, but have these sixteen states that passed lotteries for education recently seen a relative increase in funding verses the other states? This paper addresses that question